电子货币时代货币发行权的分散化趋势研究

电子货币是基于互联网络技术,使用电子货币进行资金支付与清算的交易服务系统。作者主要从电子货币的职能与特性、电子货币的发行主体等方面,讨论进入电子货币时代后,电子货币出现的意义不仅仅只是在货币币材方面对纸币的一种替代,更重要的是对现有中央银行垄断货币发行权产生冲击,中央银行所拥有的货币发行权将出现分散化趋势。     

Authority and Democracy in Corporate Governance?

Although McMahon offers a potentially valuable extension of Joseph Raz's conceptualization of authority by distinguishing three different kinds of authority, this paper argues, first, that his account of the conditions and considerations that would justify managerial authority is problematic because it relies on a conception of reasons for action that excludes precisely the kind of rationality that plays an important role in the␣explanation and justification of authority in economic␣organization. This paper explains, second, why McMahon's thesis of the justificatory similarity of authority in governments and nongovernmental organizations can also be seen to hold for corporate governance of publicly owned firms more specifically. Finally, this paper raises some critical objections against McMahon's presumption of democratic governance in governments and NGO's alike. The thrust of these objections is that democratic corporate governance does not make sense in the publicly owned firms because: (1) it will not produce results that are fair or welfare maximizing, and (2) it will undermine the legitimacy of managerial authority in such firms. J. (Hans) van Oosterhout holds an M.A. in political science from Leiden University and a PhD in organization theory from RSM Erasmus University, where he is currently an associate professor. His research involves the positive and normative theory of organizations and institutions, with a current emphasis on corporate governance and comparative economic and political organization. Earlier publications have appeared in: Academy of Management Review, Organization Studies, Journal of Business Ethics and Futures.     

Employee Reactions to Supervisory Direction in Four Types of Firms in Taiwan: The Effects of Company Policy, Peer Consensus and Independent Assessment

Employees in four firms in Taiwan—a small family business (A), a state-owned enterprise (B), a large private corporation (C), and a U.S.-owned venture (D)—and one firm in the U.S. (E) responded to supervisory directions. A's employees were the most compliant, followed by B's, then by C's, D's, and E's. In A and B, employee compliance was impacted by company policy. In C, D and E, employee compliance was influenced by peer consensus. Except for those in A, employees' tendency to accept supervisory direction was enhanced when they assessed the direction as beneficial to their organization.     

中央政府与地方政府在宏观调控领域的博弈分析

中央政府与地方政府在宏观调控领域的博弈已经成为一种客观的经济现象,值得决策部门关注。通过中央政府与地方政府的博弈模型以及地方政府之间博弈的攀比效应可以解释博弈的内在形成机理。博弈既有积极效应,也有消极效应。当前博弈失序之矫正的关键在于加快制度创新,强化监管力度;加强预期研究,打造诚信政府。     

When Do Firms Adjust Bonus Targets Intrayear? Evidence from Sales Executives' Targets*

This study investigates when and why intrayear bonus target revisions occur. This is important as intrayear target revisions occur regularly in practice but are not well understood. Specifically, we analyze two potential drivers of intrayear bonus target revisions: reduced managerial incentives owing to managers dropping out of the incentive zone of their piecewise defined bonus function and potential spillovers from planning target revisions that reflect changes in performance expectations during the year. We also investigate the effects of organizational characteristics on intrayear bonus target revisions. Using data collected from sales executives via multiple waves of surveys, we find evidence for both predicted drivers. In addition, consistent with our predictions, we find that the levels of delegated decision authority, intrafirm interdependencies, and information asymmetry negatively moderate the positive association between reduced managerial incentives and revision likelihood. Our paper contributes to the target setting literature by being the first study to investigate intrayear bonus target revisions and shed light on when firms commit to not revising such targets intrayear.     

基于土地发展权配置的国土空间用途管制央地事权演化博弈分析及政策优化

研究目的：挖掘国土空间用途管制中蕴藏的两级土地发展权，引出央地政府存在根本性目标偏差下的行为逻辑差异并将其可视化，观察央地政府稳定策略及其对重要参数的敏感性，提出国土空间用途管制央地政府事权优化的相关政策建议。研究方法：演化博弈模型和Matlab数值仿真模拟。研究结果：（1）事权清晰是央地政府有效管制的前提。（2）中央政府行为较地方政府行为而言，对寻租程度、监管地方成本、监管失灵风险参数更为敏感，且寻租程度对中央政府行为选择影响更大。（3）地方政府行为较中央政府行为而言，对奖励参数、保障粮食和生态安全产生的收益以及交易费用参数更为敏感，且奖励参数对地方政府行为选择影响更大。研究结论：中央政府需进行选择性集权以实现“检查次数最小化”，并强化对地方政府的政治和财政激励，以期推动地方政府去严格落实中央用途管制目标，实现治理能力和治理水平提升。     

Proposed international standard on auditing financial statements of less complex entities: IAASB IAAER roundtables—Breakout 1 authority and groups

This commentary summarizes stakeholder views voiced during roundtables on the 2021 International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board's (IAASB) Exposure Draft: Proposed International Standard on Auditing of Financial Statements of Less Complex Entities (ED LCE). For EDs, IAASB's due process includes seeking stakeholder views in a formal consultation format on a specified number of issues deemed relevant to further improve the proposed standard. Following its mission, the International Association for Accounting Education and Research—together with the IAASB—facilitated roundtables linking audit practitioners, academics, and financial statements users. The three roundtables followed a structured agenda including the same (but not all) topics on which the IAASB seeks views. In this commentary, we summarize views heard during the first roundtable breakout session focused on authority and groups and provide recommendations to the IAASB regarding the way forward.