英国合成生物学发展重点研究

英国最新发布的合成生物学路线图研究报告提出了包括基础科学和工程、继续开展负责任的研究和创新、面向商业应用进行技术开发、应用和市场、国际合作在内的5个合成生物学发展重点。通过对上述的5个合成生物学发展重点进行详细介绍,并着重介绍英国在这些发展重点的创新理念和举措,其目的是为我国有关合成生物学发展的政策制定和重点选择提供参考和借鉴。     

Final Energy Demand in Portugal: How Persistent it is and Why it Matters for Environmental Policy

ABSTRACT

The objective of this paper is to examine the degree of persistence in final energy demand in Portugal. Our results suggest that when structural breaks are accounted for, aggregate energy demand and all of its components are stationary. Accordingly, the response to shocks is not permanent. We find, however, strong levels of persistence. Demand for electricity is the most persistent component of aggregate demand while the levels of persistence for petroleum and gas are similar and close to the aggregate level. In turn, demand for coal and biomass are also similar and the least persistent. These results have important implications for the design of macroeconomic policies. Indeed, high persistent levels mean that temporary energy shocks translate into persistent changes in energy demand and thereby in less transient shocks to the overall economy. These results are also important for the design of environmental policies. The fact that energy demand is highly persistent means that the effects of environmental policies will tend to be long lasting. Also, the relatively high persistence of electricity, gas and petroleum and the fact that their levels of persistence are similar suggests that fuel switching policies involving these fuels will be relatively easy to implement.     

Estimates of price elasticity of demand for urban freeway use with high-frequency control variables: the case of Santiago,Chile

Estimates are presented of toll and fuel price elasticities of demand for urban freeway use in Santiago, Chile. High-frequency toll and vehicle data were collected from four urban freeways for different route segments and times of day. Estimation was performed using log-linear regression models whose explanatory variables were tolls, fuel prices, city traffic levels and sets of dichotomous variables to control for daily, weekly and monthly seasonality. City traffic is a high frequency control of the activity level of the city. The elasticities to changes in tolls and fuel were all low in absolute value. The toll elasticities were below 0.05 for two freeways and 0.16 for the third, while for the fourth, which had more alternative routes, it was 0.47. The fuel price elasticities were also heterogeneous, with values of approximately 0.45 for two freeways and 0.21 for the third whereas for the fourth, which had the fewest alternatives, it was 0.07.     

基于废渣粉末的再生水泥基材料性能试验研究

为探讨混凝土搅拌站废渣的再生利用问题,对搅拌站清洗废渣进行处理,得到粒径为75 μm以下的废渣粉末（WSP）,将WSP按照不同比例对胶凝材料中的水泥进行部分替换,制备成WSP混凝土。测试了其坍落度、抗压强度及孔隙结构,进行了热重、生态和经济性分析,并根据性价比给出了替换率的建议值。结果表明：1）采用WSP替换水泥不会增加混凝土孔隙结构中有害孔和多害孔的比例;2）WSP替换率为3%～20%时,所制备的混凝土具有较好的流动性,7,28 d抗压强度的平均值分别为45,54 MPa;替换率超过12%时,抗压强度呈现出一定的减小趋势;3）当替换率为8%,12%,16%,20%时,WSP混凝土的成本及生态指标数据均较普通混凝土有所下降;建议WSP最佳替换率为12%左右。研究结果为搅拌站清洗废渣的再生处理和资源化利用提供了试验依据。     

日本车用氢能的产业发展及支持政策

氢能作为最具发展潜力的清洁二次能源,由于其具有低碳零污染和能源高效等特点,开发和利用氢能正成为全球能源科技革命的重要方向。从应用终端来看,车用氢能是氢能主要发展领域。在日本,车用氢能全产业链包括从燃料电池研发到燃料电池汽车(FCV)生产等一系列核心价值链,并以下游终端应用为推力。日本车用氢能产业发展以国家战略为政策引领,面对氢燃料电池汽车成本高,加氢站等基础设施不足等问题,政府运用经济刺激和部门协同等多项政策举措加以应对,同时搭建"政府+大学+企业"的合作开发创新平台,加强技术与产业的协作,利用市场带动产业发展,以FCV作为下游终端发展重点,多层次协同推进车用氢能产业的发展。     

浅谈汽车电喷发动机排气系统故障的检修

随着电子喷射技术在汽车上的应用,对于现代电喷发动机的维修、检测应该使用新的思维方式和模式,用新的维修理念来解决现代汽车的维修问题是现代社会发展的一个趋势。现以排气系统为例来浅析电喷发动机排气系统检测的维修问题。     

Simulating the adoption of fuel cell vehicles

Supply security and environmental concerns associated with oil call for an introduction of hydrogen as a transport fuel. To date, scenario studies of infrastructure build-up and sales of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are driven by cost estimates and technological feasibility assumptions, indicating that there is a “chicken and egg problem”: Car producers do not offer FCVs as long as there are no hydrogen filling stations, and infrastructure will not be set up unless there is a significant number of FCVs on the road. This diffusion barrier is often used as an argument for a major (public) infrastructure program, neglecting the fact that the automobile market is highly competitive and car producers, consumers, and filling station operators form an interdependent dynamic system, where taxes influence technology choice. In this paper, an agent-based model is used that captures the main interdependencies to simulate possible diffusion paths of FCVs. The results suggest that a tax on conventional cars can successfully promote diffusion even without a major infrastructure program. However, consumers and individual producers are affected differently by the tax, indicating that differently strong resistance towards such a policy can be anticipated. Moreover, there is evidence that some producers might benefit from cooperation with filling station operators to generate a faster build-up of infrastructure.

The regional effects of Indonesia's oil and gas policy: options for reform

This paper analyses the effects on the regions of Indonesia's fuel policy. It discusses how the sharing of oil and gas revenue and taxes between the centre and the regions affects the sub-national fiscal position, and examines the distribution of fuel subsidies across regions. The paper also examines the recent proposals to discontinue subsidising gasoline for private vehicles or to eliminate fuel subsidies altogether, and shows how the regions would be affected if these suggestions were adopted. We argue that the proposals would increase efficiency and equity and should therefore be implemented.     

废弃半焦粉制备型焦的共炭化工艺研究

本文以废弃半焦粉为原料,添加合适的粘结剂,通过压制成型以及共炭化热解来制造工业型焦。通过实验讨论了共炭化温度和时间对成品的强度和孔隙率的影响,确定了整个共炭化工艺的最优条件:共炭化温度800℃,共炭化时间90 min。在此条件下,型焦的抗压强度可达7.55 MPa、I转鼓强度为41.03%,孔隙率为51.94%,型焦的水分、灰分、挥发份分别为0.78%、16.42%、4.02%。     

植物生物学教学改革探讨与实践

本文探讨了植物生物学教学改革的必要性和进行改革的主要方法,对植物生物学的教学内容、教学模式以及教学手段进行了一系列改革,提高学生的创新意识和自主学习能力,以培养适应社会需要的具备较高专业知识素养和创新精神的人才。