The association between smoking cessation outpatient visits and total medical costs: a retrospective,observational analysis of Japanese employee-based public health insurance data

Aims: The short-term effects of smoking cessation (SC) on overall healthcare costs are unclear. This study aimed to compare the short-term medical costs between patients with SC outpatient visits (SCOVs) and those without SCOVs, consisting of SCOV itself and overall medical costs.

Materials and methods: This study is a retrospective, observational study using a Japanese employee-based health insurance claims database (January 1, 2005–December 31, 2013). It analyzed individuals who were registered as smokers based on their medical checkup details. It compared the per-patient-per-year (PPPY) medical costs for male smokers who made ≥1 claim for SCOVs with those who made no claims. We also assessed whether the number of SCOVs by male and female smokers impacted medical costs. The Index Year was the year after the first SCOV claim and that after the first registration as a smoker (non-SCOV group). Medical costs were calculated using regression analysis and adjusted for baseline costs.

Results: In Index Year ?1, PPPY medical costs for male smokers were ～USD 323.01 (JPY 36,500, as of November 2017) higher in the SCOV (n?=?5,608) vs the non-SCOV (n?=?81,721) group; however, by Year 6 the costs were similar. From Year 4–6, PPPY medical costs for SCOVs were lower than those in the adjusted non-SCOV group. For 2,576 male and female smokers in the SCOV group, the average rates of increasing medical costs before and after the SCOV for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 SCOVs made were 58%, 44%, 50%, 41%, and 34%, respectively.

Limitations: The database includes limited data on individuals >65 years. Only SCOVs based on claims data and not on other outcomes were assessed.

Conclusions: Medical costs declined in the short-term following the first SCOV. Attendance at a greater number of SCOVs was associated with a lower increase ratio of medical costs.     

论票据权利的善意取得

善意取得制度因维护动产交易的安全而创设,因移植于票据流通成为票据权利善意取得制度而发展.其发展之处,一是英美法对价理论的引人,以收最大公平之效;二是扩大善意取得的适用范围,即善意受让制度不仅适用于原持票人授权他人以原持票人的名义或为原持票人的利益而占有票据的场合,对于占有人以盗窃、欺诈、胁迫等方法取得票据占有的场合,同样也有善意取得制度适用的余地.我国的票据权利善意取得制度与西方理论观点在本质上并无不同.     

民事责任竞合刍议

民事责任竞合来源于法律规范竞合理论。现代法律都作抽象规定,并且从各种不同角度对社会生活加以规范,所以,经常发生同一个事实符合几个法律规范的要件,致使这几个法律规范竞合。同一民事违法行为同时符合数种民事权利保护的规定,就构成民事责任竞合。民法上的民事责任竞合,就是民事请求权竞合。民事责任的竞合包括多种情况,主要讨论侵权责任与违约责任的竞合。     

未决赔款准备金的灰色模型估计

建立了小样本数据条件下未决赔款准备金的灰色模型。在各发生年数据1-AGO序列的平移序列变化速率一致的假设条件下,得到了各发生年共同发展系数的估计值,并利用最小二乘法得到了各发生年灰色作用量的估计值,从而给出了各发生年未决赔款准备金的时间响应序列。文中给出了瑞士汽车保险数据的计算实例,模型预测精度的检验结果为优。     

金融资产管理公司的不良资产定价问题研究

不良资产定价是不良资产处置中的核心问题,不同的不良资产具备不同特点,需要引用不同的定价方式。虽然我国不良资产处置时间还不长,但现有定价方法缺少逐项定价能力、缺乏效率性的弱点已经在实践中日益暴露出来。通过改进债权风险定价法、运用数据模拟方法、引入期权定价等,可以完善不良资产价值发现机制,为不良资产创新处置提供支持。     

基于抵补风险的外汇储备适度规模研究

多大规模的外汇储备才是我国适度的外汇储备的问题至今并未得到全面解答。本文从宏观金融工程视角出发,运用或有权益分析方法和VAR,方法。证实既能够满足支付性需求、又能够满足抵补风险的需求的储备规模就是适度规模。本文度量了我国2002-2006年适度外汇储备规模,给国家管理和调整外汇储备存量提供了客观依据。     

关于工程施工索赔浅议

施工索赔对施工单位来说是在非己方过错的情况下对造成的实际损失向业主提出补偿要求。其程序包括:提出索赔要求,报送索赔报告,谈判协商,司法调解,仲裁或起诉。本文主要结合我单位实际情况在施工中常采用的索赔程序进行简要介绍。     

On financial guarantee insurance under stochastic interest rates

We extend the financial guarantee insurance literature by modeling, under stochastic interest rates, private financial guarantees when the guarantor potentially defaults. By performing numerical simulations under plausible parameters values, we characterize the differential impact of the incorporation of stochasticity of interest rates on the valuation of both public and private guarantees.     

产权、所有权安排与融资偏好

成熟市场的企业,由于技术和信息不对称方面的原因,更偏好于债权融资,而不是股权融资.在中国资本市场存在严重信息不对称的情况下,我国企业仍十分偏好于股权融资.这种选择基本上是经营者基于保持控制权的自利性考虑.其根源在于国有产权主体的抽象化、由此导致的失控的所有权安排、股权投资主体控制权的丧失以及债权投资主体拥有的状态依存控制权的威慑.