中国反补贴立法之不足与完善

反补贴、反倾销和保障措施是WTO允许的维护公平贸易、保护国内产业安全的手段。目前,中国在反倾销领域是遭受调查较多的国家。在不久的将来,中国也将面临大量的反补贴调查的形势。为此,我们应未雨绸缪,尽快建立较为完善的补贴和反补贴立法体系,及早做好应对准备。     

我国对美国白羽肉鸡产品反补贴案上游补贴规则的运用与述评

通过对美国肉鸡产品反补贴案法律规则适用情况的分析,发现这是我国商务部借鉴美国上游补贴规则的理论和实践,首次运用上游补贴规则进行补贴利益传递分析并做出肯定性裁决的案件。尽管在我国法律法规没有明文规定上游补贴规则的情况下,我国商务部的这种做法可能存在重大的法律瑕疵,但也表明了我国亟需制定上游补贴规则的紧迫现实。为此,现阶段我国的上游补贴立法和实践应注意投入产品所接受补贴的性质、上游补贴的保护对象、上游补贴的地域性限制及审慎适用等问题。     

上游补贴规则:国际反补贴法的重大发展——基于美国商务部实践的考察

上游补贴概念的提出,赋予了补贴更加宽泛的定义和判断标准,将反补贴的价值理念拓展至产品的生产要素领域,从而扩大了反补贴调查的适用范围。而美国商务部在实践中所演绎出的一整套补贴利益传递分析方法,则为抵消上游补贴对自由竞争造成的损害确立了可供操作的、相对严格的规则框架,是对国际反补贴法的重大发展。我国亟需深入研究和借鉴美国上游补贴的立法和实践。     

The Impact of Internationalisation on the Swedish Food Industry

Abstract

The European integration process has changed the competitive landscape in many industries. The questions raised in this paper concern the reactions of national firms that are subjected to this process of internationalisation of competition.

This study highlights the vertical inter-dependence within a system of production and distribution. In internationalisation theory, most studies have focused on how firms become international or global players, where entrance into new markets is seen as a result of strategic decisions.

To illustrate this process, three industries in food production, that is the baking, the brewing and the confectionery industries, were chosen.

The results indicate that a supra-industrial strategic recipe exists, with a core content of specialised volume production. The discussion on company strategies focussed on the retail sector. The findings might be interpreted in the light of Galbraith's theory of countervailing power.     

A Philosopher's Comment on Philosophico-Economic Relations

Scottish philosophers in the eighteenth century interpreted the market economy as a “civil society,” a path toward freedom and a new morality, separate from monarchal government. They expected markets to be self regulating and expected them to function with ties to a moral life. The market was a civil order, but that vision was destroyed when corporations rose to power in succeeding centuries, and governments were enlarged to regulate markets. Today we see a concern about big corporations and government bureaucracy, and a return to the idea of a “civil society.” This article proposes that today's vision of “civil society” is advanced by an economy that returns to its principles of self (civil) regulation. Markets become civil and self regulating when government, business, and nonprofits cooperate to create systems of social accountability for the common good. A self-regulating market is constructed experimentally through civil associations with self-enforceable codes of conduct, civic-oriented partnerships, legislation, banking, investments, and corporations whose policies are based on stakeholder studies that reduce moral and financial costs. Modest steps toward a self-regulating economy offers a foundation for today's version of a “civil society.”     

论《补贴与反补贴协定》及反补贴调查的应对措施

随着我国对外贸易的迅速增长,针对我国出口产品的新贸易壁垒措施--反补贴调查越来越多,我国面临的反补贴形势日趋严峻.政府应合理调整补贴政策,完善反补贴立法,逐步取消"红灯类"补贴,规避可申诉补贴的红灯性,充分利用不可申诉补贴,广泛利用发展中国家的特殊待遇.企业应对反补贴调查要加大对专业人才的培养,转变低价营销策略,采取交叉补贴战略,尽快完善行业协会的建设.充分利用贸易救济措施,抵制国外反补贴调查.     

国外对华反补贴现状及中国补贴政策分析

国外对华反补贴已经呈现出案件数量快速增长、双反同时进行、反补贴税率高等显著特点。文章通过对国外对华反补贴现状的分析,探讨我国现行补贴政策中哪些是需要特别予以关注的措施,通过分析指出我国现行补贴政策中既有与WTO规则相一致的内容,也存在某些仍需进一步调整和改进的措施。针对不同情况,我国应当对现有补贴政策进行调整与完善,以期减缓对华反补贴案件和多边补贴争端案件的增长。     

社会保障基金运行中的道德风险及防范

随着我国社会保障基金规模的扩大,在其运行中存在着的道德风险问题也日益凸显,主要表现为政府挤占挪用,保障机构违规操作,冒领、骗领社会保障基金等行为增多。为有效防范社保基金运行中的道德风险,应加速构建以自治为核心,监治为约束,法制为保障的高效风险的抗衡体系,以此遏止社会保障基金运行中道德风险的滋生与蔓延。     

美国对华“双反”调查特征与影响效应研究

反倾销和反补贴措施是当前全球贸易摩擦与争端的焦点.美国作为中国主要的贸易伙伴,已经成为对华发起反倾销反补贴合并调查最多的国家,中美贸易关系成为当今政治与经济的焦点问题之一.文章系统分析了美国对华发起反倾销反补贴合并调查的特征与强度,并从贸易限制效应与贸易转移效应角度,重点分析美国“双反”调查对我国涉案产品出口产生的影响.结果表明,美国“双反”调查对我国涉案产品出口产生了不同程度的贸易限制效应,同时征收反倾销和反补贴税是产生贸易转移效应的主要原因.