就业困境的经济学分析与税收政策选择

全球性金融危机导致我国经济增长速度减缓,使得原本艰难的就业形势变得更为严峻.从经济学角度来看.有效需求不足、经济结构调整和信息不对称等是当前我国就业困难的主要原因.通过分析税收政策对就业的效用和借鉴国外促进就业税收政策的经验,提出了实行结构性减税、加大就业密集型行业和特殊人群的税收优惠、开征失业保险税等促进就业的一系列税收政策建议.     

Crisis of Governance

Abstract

This paper looks at links between firms' behavior and the institutional environment in Russia. It seeks to show that the intentional weakening of the economic and administrative role of the state in the early stages of reforms has increased the economic and social cost of transition. This happens as the majority of firms in Russia still prefer short-term solutions and partial adjustment to full-scale restructuring as they often fail to show anticipated responses following privatization and price liberalization. The shortage of market-type response can be attributed to the fragility of market-based incentives. The new institutional economics maintains that the cradle for these incentives is the system of institutions, which are the rules of the game in the society or, more formally, the humanly-devised constraints that shape human interactions. Accordingly, this paper argues that for the post-communist reforms to achieve their objectives, it is essential for the state to provide a framework, institutionalizing economic conflict and thus contributing to sustainable development. However, the analysis suggests that the evolvement of a modern institutional rëgime in the country is likely to be delayed as a consequence of vested interest of a number of powerful economic groups.     

飞鸿公司的燃眉之急

飞鸿股份有限公司主要从事国内沿海和国际远洋货物运输业务。2008年，该公司准备增加公司的运力，购买一艘7万吨级的散装二手货船，而该船在二手船市场上国内外买家众多，竞争激烈。飞鸿公司急需在最短时间内融资到1500万美元购买该船，于是，飞鸿公司向Z银行提出融资申请。考虑到从海外购买船只需要等待政府批准，这与公司急需购买船只是相矛盾的，且在当时国际金融危机爆发和中国航运业指数下滑背景下，银行向飞鸿公司提供贷款会有较大风险，而银行又有向客户提供优质服务的使命，怎么办？Z银行做出决定变得非常艰难。该案例属于决策型案例，描述了Z银行经理层的决策场景和特定的决策过程。     

浅析外贸企业的客户信用风险管理

随着我国市场经济和国际贸易的快速发展,信用交易方式已成为外贸企业的主要结算方式之一,随之而来的是企业的信用风险日益加剧。因此如何加强外贸企业的信用风险管理,建立一套适合自身情况的信用风险管理模式,成为外贸企业必须解决的问题。本文介绍了信用风险的相关理论,提出了适合外贸企业的信用额度确定方法,并阐述了外贸企业在信用销售后应该采用的技术控制方法及应该配套制定的信用管理制度。     

A framework to measure integrated risk

A framework underlying various models that measure the credit risk of a portfolio is extended in this paper to allow the integration of credit risk with a range of market risks using Monte Carlo simulation. A structural model is proposed that allows interest rates to be stochastic and provides closed-form expressions for the market value of a firm's equity and its probability of default. This model is embedded within the integrated framework and the general approach illustrated by measuring the risk of a foreign exchange forward when there is a significant probability of default by the counterparty. For this example moving from a market risk calculation to an integrated risk calculation reduces the expected future value of the instrument by an amount that could not be calculated using the common pre-settlement exposure technique for estimating the credit risk of a derivative.     

匿名交易、信用伦理与征信制度

市场经济的演进过程中产生了普遍的“匿名交易”制度，而匿名交易的存在又与信用伦理发生了冲突。为了维护正常的信用秩序，健全社会征信体系是健全社会信用制度的一个核心环节。基于我国经济体制正在转轨的现实，应完善金融基础设施，充分发挥政府主导模式的优势，坚持企业征信体系与个人征信体系的协调发展，推进信用法制建设与提升信用伦理道德水准的有机结合。     

Exploring the relationship between educational mismatch,earnings and job satisfaction in the tourism industry

This article analyses the interrelationship between educational mismatch, wages and job satisfaction in the Spanish tourism sector in the first years of the global economic crisis. It is shown that there is a much higher incidence of over-education among workers in the Spanish tourism sector than in the rest of the economy despite this sector recording lower educational levels. This study estimates two models to analyse the influence of the educational mismatch on wages and job satisfaction for workers in the tourism industry and for the Spanish economy as a whole. The first model shows that in the tourism sector, the wage penalty associated with over-education is approximately 10%. The second reveals that in the tourism sector the levels of satisfaction of over-educated workers are considerably lower than those corresponding to workers well assigned. With respect to the differences between tourism and the overall economy in both aspects, the wage penalty is substantially lower in the case of tourism industries and the effect of over-education on job satisfaction is very similar to that of the economy as a whole in a context where both wages and the private returns to education are considerably lower in the tourism sector.     

个人信用保证机制的征信制度和诉讼制度比较研究

征信体系通过建立一种声誉制度,促进人类合作、提高群体成员效用和福利。个人信用保证机制的征信制度和诉讼制度哪个成本更低、相对价值更高需要客观分析。在完全竞争的信贷市场研究场景下,声誉机制有引致合作行为的能力;扩展博弈下,诉讼制度的威胁使得借贷者施加一个高的努力程度,提高了社会总剩余。基于现代信息技术的声誉机制出现以后,存在于每个银行内部的声誉就变成了一个统一、全范围扩展的声誉机制,所以声誉制度比诉讼制度可以获得更高的社会总剩余。     

Jointly issued notes: a financial instrument to improve SME credit worthiness in China

A financial instrument to improve the credit worthiness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), i.e. Jointly Issued Notes (JINs), improves the average credit rating of SMEs by eight notches, from BBB to AA+, thus reducing borrowing cost by 298 basis points. This research note describes the various kinds of JINs, and then analyzes their effect on the credit worthiness of SMEs. We conclude that the JINs successfully facilitate access to credit at lower rates in China.     

Signalling,Disclosure And The Implications Of Financial Structure For Uk Corporate R&D ∗

This paper investigates the impact of R&D disclosure and finance variables on the level of R&D expenditures. The question addressed is: what is the impact of changes in disclosure requirements on the relationship between R&D expenditure and the financing of firms? The question is motivated by the possible signalling role that elective disclosure may have had prior to changes in accounting practices to ensure R&D disclosure.