梅州市现阶段开展校园足球的现状与分析

梅州市是我国足球后备人才培养重要城市,校园足球在梅州市小学的开展情况具有极强的代表性与研究价值,本文通过问卷调查广泛了解校园足球开展的现状,分析影响校园足球开展的主要因素。为校园足球活动今后在梅州市乃至全国的开展提供理论依据。     

浅析中国大豆对外贸易的现状及问题

自从中国加入世贸组织以来,我国大豆对外贸易逆差越来越大。大豆进口量逐年增长以及对进口依存度过高等现象的存在,给国内大豆种植生产带来了一定的影响。文章主要从中国大豆对外贸易的现状着手,分别从中国大豆定价权的缺失、转基因大豆对我国大豆行业的冲击、国内政策对大豆产业的支持力度不够、大豆进口管理机制有待完善等四个方面阐述了中国大豆对外贸易所存在的问题。     

Assessing the welfare effects of congestion charges in a real world setting

The standard textbook analysis shows that drivers as a group lose from congestion charges. However, it omits taste heterogeneity, shorter travel times far out in the larger network arising from less blocking back of upstream links and the possibility for drivers to reschedule. Taking account of these factors, using a dynamic scheduling model with heterogeneous users we find that all three add significantly to the benefit of the Stockholm congestion charges and that drivers as a group benefit from these charges even without recycling of revenues. This paper also provides an update on the consumer benefits of the Stockholm charges.     

中国突发性环境污染事件的走势及其治理

水污染、大气污染和固体废物污染是中国突发性环境污染事件的主要构成部分,中国突发性环境污染事件的发生频次呈现出直线下降的趋势,说明我国的环境保护确已取得了显著成效,但这也是建立在大量经济投入与付出的基础之上的。中国突发性环境污染事件的环保经济效益却是直线式地越来越差,不过,环保人本效益却无大幅度的扩增,此外,新型的海洋污染之类的事件也不容忽视。最后,针对治污问题,提出了相应的举措。     

Rhetorics of saving–investment correlations and the international mobility of capital: A survey

This study surveys the literature on saving–investment (SI) correlations and international mobility of capital (IMC) generated over more than three decades since the 1980s. Several studies have shown the presence of paradoxically high SI correlations for the developed countries with observed high IMC, and low SI correlations for the developing countries with observed low IMC. The studies accounting for structural breaks in model parameters provide dominant support for the decrease in SI correlations and increase in IMC after the switch from fixed to flexible exchange rate regime and the removal of policy restrictions on capital flows. The intertemporal optimisation approach to current account and the open-economy growth and dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models mainly provide theoretical predictions and suggest that it is possible to find high SI correlations in the wake of high IMC. The increases in international capital flows have been the natural corollary of the growth of international trade in goods and services and increases in foreign direct investment flows. It is these factors, rather than international trade in capital market securities (bonds and equities) driven by the diversification benefits of financial portfolios per se, that have been the key levers of international financial flows.     

Reserves and cash flows under stochastic retirement

Uncertain time of retirement and uncertain structure of retirement benefits are risk factors for life insurance companies. Nevertheless, classical life insurance models assume these are deterministic. In this paper, we include the risk from stochastic time of retirement and stochastic benefit structure in a classical finite-state Markov model for a life insurance contract. We include discontinuities in the distribution of the retirement time. First, we derive formulas for appropriate scaling of the benefits according to the time of retirement and discuss the link between the scaling and the guarantees provided. Stochastic retirement creates a need to rethink the construction of disability products for high ages and ways to handle this are discussed. We show how to calculate market reserves and how to use modified transition probabilities to calculate expected cash flows without significantly more complexity than in the traditional model. At last, we demonstrate the impact of stochastic retirement on market reserves and expected cash flow in numerical examples.     

Cointegration Analysis on the Factors that Affect China＇ s Current Account Surplus

利用中国1982～2009年的数据,采用E-G两步法、向量误差修正模型对中国经常项目顺差的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明,经常项目差额占GDP的比率与储蓄率（S/GDP）、净国外资产占GDP的比率（NFA/GDP）、投资率（资本形成总额/GDP）之间存在长期的均衡关系。其中,储蓄率、投资率对经常项目差额的影响较大,是造成经常项目顺差的主要因素。     

An economic evaluation of market development programmes for US dairy products

‘This study measured the effectiveness of US dairy export promotion programmes on increasing foreign demand and enhancing producers’ revenues. An import demand equation based on panel data was used to test whether export promotion has a positive and significant impact on US dairy exports. The effects of various promotion scenarios on the dairy market were then simulated, and benefit–cost ratios (BCRs) for these programmes were estimated. There were three key findings. First, the combined effort of public and private dairy export promotion expenditures had a positive and statistically significant impact on demand for US dairy products in the world market. The findings indicated that export promotion stimulated total dairy exports by 4.14 billion pounds, on average, per year, which represented 55.8% of total exports. Second, US dairy export promotion has been highly profitable for the nation’s dairy farmers. The calculated BCRs, based on assumed elasticity of supply, ranged from a low of 8.54 for the most elastic assumption to a high of 30.12. Third, from an optimality standpoint, dairy farmers are underinvesting in export promotion. The marginal BCRs ranged from a low of 3.79 to a high of 15.22, which means that, at the margin, increasing export promotion expenditures would be profitable for dairy farmers.     

内蒙古地理标志资源的现状及其可地理标志性分析

内蒙古地大物博、生态环境良好,地理标志资源存量丰富,目前其利用状况和相关法律保护现状还存在一些有待改进的方面。但并非所有的资源都可以作为地理标志资源,因此,便涉及到资源的可地理标志性问题。可标志性的标准或者可以说唯一的标准是要看公众是否认为使用该标记的商品只来源于标记所指的地区。     

药品平行进口的影响及政策取向分析

专利药品平行进口对药品专利权人及消费者利益产生不同的影响。根据药品平行进口产生的原因及我国的国情,我国应坚持区别对待的适度平行进口政策。