关于城市交通最后一公里的想法

论文结合城市交通中到发始末的端头一公里中存在的一些问题,分析其对城市居民生活造成的影响,并针对这些问题提出了一些看法与畅想。     

Vienna's path to sustainable transport

Vienna, Austria reduced the car share of trips by a third between 1993 and 2014: from 40% to 27%. The key to Vienna's success has been a coordinated package of mutually reinforcing transport and land-use policies that have made car use slower, less convenient, and more costly, while improving conditions for walking, cycling, and public transport. During 32 in-person interviews in Vienna in May 2015, a wide range of politicians, transport planners, and academics almost unanimously identified the expansion of the U-Bahn (metro) and parking management as the most important policies accounting for the reduction in car mode share since 1993. Implementation of sustainable transport policies in Vienna has been a long-term, multi-staged process requiring compromises, political deals, and coalition-building among political parties and groups of stakeholders. This consensual approach to policy development has been time-consuming. Vienna has not been the first city to introduce any particular policy, but it has masterfully adopted successful policies from other cities. The continuity of social democratic governments in Vienna since 1945 has provided a crucial political basis for long-term implementation. The Greens have vigorously pushed for accelerating implementation of sustainable transport policies since becoming part of the ruling coalition government in 2010. The progressive political environment in Vienna has been essential to its increasingly sustainable transport system. Other major cities in Western Europe have also reduced the share of trips by car since 1990. Together with Vienna, they provide useful lessons for other cities throughout the world on how to reduce car dependence.     

A Motivation-Based Typology of Road Cyclists in the Cape Town Cycle Tour,South Africa

This research identified cyclists’ main motives for participating in the Cape Town Cycle Tour, and segmented them accordingly. Six distinct motives were identified (in order of importance): commitment and event affiliation, lifestyle, achievement and challenge, escape and socialization, international standing of event, and skill mastery and group affiliation. On the basis of these motives, two distinct national cycling segments and one international segment were identified: Regulars, Devotees, and Beginners. The findings confirm that event cyclists should not be regarded as homogeneous and that the type of sport and the nature of the event significantly influence the type of participant.     

Hot or not? The role of cycling in ASEAN megacities: Case studies of Bangkok and Manila

The Association of the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) recognizes the role of nonmotorized transport for sustainable urban development in its policy framework. National and local policymakers in Thailand and The Philippines, two tropical countries without a tradition of urban cycling, are increasingly paying attention to cycling as well. This article aims to assess the current situation and progress in cycling, using Bangkok and Metropolitan Manila as case study cities, and to describe the necessary conditions for advancing the significance of cycling in tropical megacities. This is done by operationalizing the so-called Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) framework, which has been used in transition studies since 2008, however, never for cycling. As such this article also “tests” this framework for its application in sustainable transportation. The two case studies are characterized with regards to the current role of cycling in the mobility system, its infrastructure, governance system, and existing research on the potential and barriers. We find that TIS can readily be applied to our cases, with the analysis showing that elements such as knowledge development, actor networks, e-bike adoption, infrastructure, resource mobilization and legitimation are not well developed; on the other hand, flat terrain, attention for cycling for health and environment, heavy congestion, expansion of public transport, growing bike industry, active university communities, and the emergence of advocacy coalitions, could open up opportunities for increasing its modal share.     

Limits on the Use of Public Space and Consumer Tactics: A Study on Urban Cycling

Although public space is supposed to be democratic and accessible to all, in reality, such access is inegalitarian and exclusionary. The research aims, therefore, to understand how public space that reflects the imposition of interests of dominant ideologies affects the consumption practices of nondominant ideologies. The qualitative research data were collected in the context of urban cycling through in-depth interviews and observation and are analyzed using a hermeneutical approach. The research explains that, in order to deal with the limits of public space use, these consumers use tactics involving (1) disputes for space, (2) disorganized occupation, and (3) transgressive practices; moreover, there is an overlapping relationship between the agency of consumers and public space.     

用绿色GDP扭转被市场扭曲的价值观

在人类社会长期发展中,市场经济体制形成了以市场为中心的价值观,近年来这种价值观面临严峻的挑战。社会经济进步给生态环境带来的负面影响是:森林面积缩小,沙漠扩大,土壤侵蚀,气温升高,河流干涸,同温层的臭氧耗减,冰川融化,海洋面升高和珊瑚礁死亡等。这究竟是为什么?从根本上说这是市场经济价值观问题,市场是按照供给和需求来维持经济平衡的,而没有考虑生态循环和平衡。因此,在经济飞速发展的同时,地球的生态系统遭到了极大的破坏,我们必须尽快地把这种局面改变过来。     

Does extensification lead to enhanced provision of ecosystems services from soils in UK agriculture?

Extensification is offered as a management strategy to reduce the perceived negative effects of intensive agricultural management, e.g. nutrient loss through leaching, emissions of the greenhouse gas N₂O, loss of soil carbon through carbon dioxide emissions, increased nutrient, carbon and sediment loading to surface water, and reduced biodiversity. As part of managed extensification implemented under the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy intensively managed land use types (arable and grassland) are taken out of production for either 5, 7 or 10 years in the UK. The ultimate objective is to establish species-rich grassland (SRG) to which limited or no fertiliser is applied, which attracts subsidy payments under the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development. There is little scientific evidence for the anticipated environmental benefits of these newly created SRGs. The legacy of intensive management on soils is likely to limit ecosystem service (ES) provision from former intensively managed sites for many decades following extensification and this commentary addresses this issue. Clearly, programmes of long-term experimental research are needed to quantify the environmental and economic benefits of current extensification schemes in UK agriculture in order to determine whether the benefits for ES delivered by soils out-weigh the costs in terms of loss of production.     

循环经济的生态学基础探析

大力发展循环经济,建设节约型社会已经上升为我国执政党的意志和国家行为,循环经济正在以不可阻挡之势从理想转变为大规模的社会实践。循环经济的本质是一种生态经济,生态学是其最重要的学科基础。     

区域性中心城市与区域环境可持续发展

本文首先论证了区域性中心城市在区域可持续发展系统中的支配地位,然后分析了中心城市在区域环境可持续发展中发挥作用的四个重要领域。     

循环经济是实现可持续发展战略的必由之路

循环经济是目前国际上最能代表可持续发展的一种战略模式选择。其核心是以物质闭环流动为特征,运用生态学规律把经济活动重构,组织成一个“资源—产品—再生资源”的反馈式流程和“低开采、高利用、低排放”的循环利用模式。