试论通货紧缩条件下的经济结构调整

价格由商品的供求关系决定 ,在供给大体恒定的情况下 ,通货紧缩的原因首先就追溯到有效需求不足的持续。但从深层看 ,是政府对所有制结构调整认识不到位 ,限制闲置资本流向民营企业与闲置劳动力结合的产物。     

Does China have Inflationary Effects on the USA and Japan？

With China＇s share in global trade increasing rapidly, some argued in 2002-2003 that China was exporting deflation to other countries as it was dumping cheap goods in mature markets. Later, others argued that China was causing sharp increases in global prices. This paper uses several econometric techniques to assess the extent of the link between inflation rates between China and the USA and Japan. Only limited empirical evidence at the aggregate level is found for consumer price inflation in China leading to price changes in the USA and Japan. However, there is some evidence that inflation in the USA has an impact on Chinese inflation. The results seem consistent with the Federal Reserve and the Bank of Japan being concerned about inflation and, hence, adjusting policy such that inflation shocks have no significant effect on overall inflation. Recent Chinese price rises are unlikely to have a material effect on the USA or Japan.     

Double Deflation and the Measurement of Output and Productivity in UK Manufacturing 1979–89

The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of applying double deflation methods to the measurement of productivity growth in UK manufacturing between 1979 and 1989. A number of alternative indicators of output growth are considered and it is argued that double deflated value added is the superior concept to employ for the measurement of productivity. It is shown that output measured by double deflated value added fell by 0.05% over the period between 1979 and 1989 whereas the official series indicates that output rose by 12.2% over the period. Measuring productivity as output per person employed, the double deflated value added measure indicates that between 1979 and 1989productivity increased by 34%> whereas the official series indicates an increase of 51 %. Whereas the latter may indicate a productivity miracle the former does not     

我国通货紧缩,内需不足的威胁与积极的财政政策和货币政策的实施

通货紧缩 ,内需不足是我国经济目前面临的最大威胁 ,为改变这种现状 ,我国政府已经实施积极的财政政策和货币政策。作者对我国已实施的财政政策和货币政策的理论依据、过程及效应进行了初步探讨。     

日本超宽松货币政策的历程、效果及启示

日本央行提前启动了开放式资产购买措施,显示了尽快实现2％通胀目标的决心,但其会否重蹈历史的覆辙,还是会一举扭转日本经济长期的窘境,值得关注。文章在梳理日本央行长期实施超宽松政策历程的基础上,分析日本超宽松政策的效果,探究其陷入“流动性陷阱”的原因,并从中总结实施超宽松货币政策的经验和教训,以便能更好地理解货币宽松政策的传导机制、效果与局限性。     

Chronic Deflation in Japan

Japan has suffered from a long‐lasting but mild deflation since the latter half of the 1990s. Estimates of a standard Phillips curve indicate that a decline in inflation expectations, the negative output gap, and other factors such as a decline in import prices and a higher exchange rate all account for some of this development. These factors, in turn, reflect various underlying structural features of the Japanese economy. This paper examines a long list of these structural features that may explain Japan's chronic deflation, including the zero lower bound on the nominal interest rate, public attitudes toward the price level, central bank communication, weaker growth expectations coupled with declining potential growth or the lower natural rate of interest, risk‐averse banking behavior, deregulation, and the rise of emerging economies.     

Product Downsizing and Hidden Price Increases: Evidence from Japan's Deflationary Period

In this paper, we empirically examine the extent to which product downsizing occurred during the deflationary period in Japan, as well as the effects of product downsizing on prices and quantities sold. Using scanner data on prices and quantities for all products sold at about 200 supermarkets over the last 10 years, we find that about one third of product replacements were accompanied by a size/weight reduction. We also find that a 1‐percentage point larger size/weight reduction is associated with a 0.45‐percentage point larger price decline, resulting in an effective price increase. Finally, we show that the quantities sold decline with product downsizing, and that the responsiveness of the quantity sold to size/weight changes is almost the same as the price elasticity, indicating that consumers are as sensitive to size/weight changes as they are to price changes. Our results suggest that the Japanese consumer price index may be downwardly biased rather than upwardly biased.     

美国新经济下通货紧缩的特征分析

全球新经济迅速发展的背景下，很多国家，特别是发达国家，通胀率都保持在较低水平。尤其是美国，从20世纪90年代开始，通胀率就持续走低，这使得全球面临着通货紧缩的压力。同时，新经济下的通货紧缩与传统经济中的通货紧缩有一定的区别，研究新经济下的通货紧缩与历史上的通货紧缩的不同特征，对正确认识和对待新经济下的通货紧缩问题将具有重要意义。     

Accounting for growth in retail trade: an international productivity comparison

In this paper we argue that the standard approach for measuring output and productivity in the trade sector has become obsolete. The key problem is that changes in prices of goods purchased for resale are not accounted for. We outline a consistent accounting framework for measuring trade productivity and provide new estimates, taking into account purchase prices of goods sold in a double deflation procedure. We find strong productivity improvements in the UK and US compared to France, Germany and The Netherlands since the mid-1990s. This finding is robust for various productivity measurement models.

日本经济周期实证分析

以经济增长率为考察指标,按照"谷-谷"法划分,1951-2002年的52年中,日本经济波动呈现出11个周期,这11个周期可明显地划分为三个阶段:第1-6周期的高速增长期、第7-9周期的平稳增长期前期、第10-11周期的"失去的10年"或低速增长阶段.物价波动与经济周期形态大体吻合.1999年以来,经济周期呈现出新的特征:通货紧缩与经济低速增长并存.中日两国经济周期差异巨大,不同之处远远多于相似之处,两者差异的根本原因在于经济制度和经济体制的差异.