真实世界中的“为己利他”行为机理：内涵及其合理性

由于互动的紧密程度、发散性以及追求、欲望的层级性,人类的行为实际上是以“己”的需要为根本的出发点的,作为个体的“小我”就是“己”的核心。当然,“己”会囤层扩展,从而形成不断膨胀的“大我”。从这点上讲,人性具有利己和利他两个方面,而互惠的利他主义实际上能够更好地达到“己”的目的。因此,利他就是有效地“为己”的手段,而“为己利他”则是对真实世界中人类行为的合理抽象。     

Clearing Up the Egoist Difficulty with Loyalty

This paper seeks to analyze and to motivate a trend toward virtue ethics and away from deontology in the business ethics account of organizational loyalty. Prevailing authors appeal to “transcendent” values (deontology), skepticism (there is no loyalty), or Aristotelianism (loyalty is seeking mutual self-interest). I argue that the “Aristotelian” view clears up the “egoist” difficulty with loyalty. Briefly, critics feel we must “transcend,” “replace,” “overcome” and most especially sacrifice self-interest on the altar of ethics and loyalty. I argue that few things can be more ethical than loyalty to shared values. When a company and I both pursue the same value X, there becomes no difference between my seeking my best interest and my seeking the best interest of the company (and vice versa). Hence, the way out of the egoist difficulty with loyalty is seeing a company’s interests as my own (Aristotle’s third stage of friendship).     

由“斯密问题”谈市场经济中的秩序与道德

＂斯密问题＂引发了经济学界关于人的本质究竟是利己还是利他的持续讨论,国内学者近年来对此问题也有相应研究。文章认为＂人＂本来就是矛盾的统一体,＂利他＂和＂利己＂只是人性之经纬两度。只有从道德规范和法律制度两方面进行双重约束,均衡市场经济主体的＂利己＂与＂利他＂行为和动机,才能维护社会之稳定和谐。     

企业组织中个体腐败行为的影响因素研究

当前,一些企业组织正在或者已经发生着腐败行为,个体腐败像瘟疫一样到处蔓延。腐败现象愈演愈烈,给经济和社会发展带来了巨大破坏。在此大背景下,探索市场经济主体—企业组织中的个体腐败现象产生的原因,具有十分重要的现实意义。本文在回顾相关文献的基础上,设计了组织中个体腐败行为影响因素的概念模型,使用问卷调查的实证研究方法,对组织中个体腐败行为的影响因素进行具体分析,最终结果显示,公平、诚信、利己/利他主义对组织中个体腐败行为具有显著影响。     

Business Ethics in Brazil and the U.S.: A Comparative Investigation

In this comparative survey of 126 Brazilian and U.S. business professionals, we explore the effect of national culture on ethical decision-making within the context of business. Using Reidenbach and Robin's (1988) multi-criteria ethics instrument, we examined how these two countries' differences on Hofstede's individualism/collectivism dimension are related to the manner in which business practitioners make ethical decisions. Our results indicate that Brazilians and Americans evaluate the ethical content of actions or decisions differently when applying utilitarian criteria. By contrast, business people from both countries do not differ significantly when they use egoistic criteria in evaluating the ethical nature of business decisions.     

集体主义的道德思考——利己与利他的反思

社会主义新的时代背景下,完善和发展集体主义,丰富集体主义内涵,对集体主义的道德思考提出了更多的要求。集体主义中存在利己与利他的问题,集体主义是利己与利他的统一。     

Legitimating Market Egoism: The Availability Problem

It is a common enough view that market agents are self-interested, not benevolent or altruistic – call this market egoism – and that this is morally defensible, even morally required. There are two styles of defence – utilitarian and deontological – and while they differ, they confront a common problem. This is the availability problem. The problem is that the more successful the moral justification of self-interested economic activity, the less there is for the justification to draw upon. Religious justifications of market egoism at least make a stab at dealing with the problem; secular accounts typically do not. I thank Annette Kilarr.     

A Genealogy of Business Ethics: A Nietzschean Perspective

This article approaches the field of business ethics from a Nietzschean vantage point, which means explaining the weakness of the field by means of providing an etiological account of the values esteemed by the decadent business ethicists therein. I argue that such business ethicists have wandered from their immanent philosophical ground to act as scientists, businesspersons, and preaching-moralists as a way of evading their human self-contradictions. In actuality, this fleeing exacerbates them into a sickness of self-idolatry and self-loathing. I bring in Nietzsche’s approach to the value of truth and his ascetic priest figure to get to the origin of this problem. Moreover, I attend throughout to delimiting the field of business ethics as that branch of ethics that can be taught in business schools. Indeed, the article itself is a movement in this direction, being inherently and intentionally philosophical.     

“差序格局”概念中三个有待澄清的疑问

“差序格局”是一个尚未精确界定的触发式概念,留下来很多疑问有待澄清。其中三个疑问特别值得关注：第一,“差序”除了包含入与人之间横向的亲疏差别,是否还包括人与人之间纵向的等级差别？第二,“差序格局”和社会网络理论中的“自我中心网络”概念有何异同？第三,中国人的行为是否可用“自我主义”来概括？本文在评述相关研究之后提出自己的看法,认为费孝通关于“差序格局”的原始文本里存在着“名实分离”的矛盾,从而导致了“是否包含等级制”的种种争论;“差序格局”和“自我中心网络”的一个核心区别是“圈层性”,将中国入行为概括为“自我主义”会面临很多理论上的困难。     

An Exploration of Ethical Decision-making Processes in the United States and Egypt

In this comparative survey of 191 Egyptian and 92 U.S. executives, we explore the relationship between national culture and ethical decision-making within the context of business. Using Reidenbach and Robin’s (1988) multi-criteria ethics instrument, we examine how differences on two of Hofstede’s national culture dimensions, individualism/collectivism, and power distance, are related to the manner in which business practitioners make ethical decisions. Egypt and the U.S. provide an interesting comparison because of the extreme differences in their economies and related business development. Our results indicate that respondents from the U.S, individualistic and low in power distance, were likely to view the decision making outcome in ethics scenarios as more unethical than the more collectivistic and high power distance Egyptians, when applying ethical criteria based on justice, utilitarianism, relativism, and (contrary to our predictions) egoism. However, we also found that both Egyptians and Americans rely on justice, utilitarianism, and relativism in predicting their intentions to behave ethically, and that Americans substitute egoism for justice, when the behavioral intentions of peers are examined.