The algebra of health concerns: implications of consumer perception of health loss,illness and the breakdown of the health system on anxiety

The current and expected future state of the American health care system creates much concern and anxiety at the national and individual level among Americans. This study is in response to the call of the Institute of Medicine to further study the lack of confidence among Americans about their future ability to receive high‐quality health care. This study compares perceived anxiety and its amelioration as a result of three possible health situations: illness with infectious disease, losing one's health and a breakdown of the health care system. This empirical study was conducted within the framework of conjoint analysis. We conducted an experimental design of ideas, identified attributes that increased or reduced anxiety in each of the three health‐related situations and then segmented consumers on the basis of their patterns of reactions to the attributes. We found that the highest anxiety was attributed to the breakdown of the health care system. The segmentation further suggested that the anxiety emerging from the breakdown of society's health care system generated a different extent of anxiety than that which emerged from one's illness or one's loss of own health. The attributes that drove anxiety across the health situations were, surprisingly, charities, one's company, the local hospital and supplemental insurance. Attributes that reduced anxiety differed among segments. The attributes were found to be: close friends, family, distribution of information by authorities and the belief in God. At a practical level, these data and patterns of response allow health care policy makers to enhance the coping ability of patients by understanding the nature of what reduces the anxiety of individual types of patients. The approach in this study provides a person‐centred system for communication and anxiety reduction that can be implemented as part of a public health policy.     

老年人居住方式及影响因素分析——以贵阳市为例

利用调查数据对贵阳市老年人居住方式及其影响因素进行分析。贵阳市老年人以居住在三代及以上户为主，夫妇户也占较大比重；老年人与子女居住的比重略高于不与子女居住的比重。在控制其他变量的情况下，住房条件、经济收入和与子女的关系状况三个因素对老年人的居住方式具有显著性影响。     

规范护理记录书写对护理行为和护患纠纷的影响

探讨规范护理记录书写对护理行为和护患纠纷的影响。采取对比的方法,比较护理记录书写规范前后护士的护理行为及病人对护理方面投诉率的变化,观察护理记录书写规范对护理行为和减少护患纠纷的影响。结果为规范护理记录书写后护士在护理行为上有了较大改进,病人对护理方面的投诉明显减少。规范护理记录书写,可以增强护士法律意识,提高服务质量,加强护患沟通,减少护患纠纷。     

How do income and education affect health inequality: evidence from four developing countries

Using household survey data from four countries ? Albania, Nepal, Tajikistan and Tanzania ? this article calculates income-related inequality in health care utilization. We measure health disparity separately for generally and chronically ill individuals by constructing two models: one for the probability of a visit to a physician and another for the number of visits. Following model-based measurements, we decompose inequality into two major parts: one accounted for by identity-related factors and another by socioeconomic and other factors such as education, geography and distance to a clinic. We propose a new method to quantify the effect of changes in income and education on health disparity. One of our important findings suggests that health disparity is pro-rich in all our sample countries. The pro-rich disparity is prevalent among generally ill as well as chronically ill patients, in both visit probability and visit frequency models. Health inequality seems primarily driven by income differences followed by nonidentity factors. Further, the principle of equal treatment for equal need is not fulfilled in any of our countries. Among policy implications, increasing average income and education in a way that also reduces disparity in income and education, respectively, will substantially shrink inequality in health care utilization.     

Merit and Evaluation Models for Managers in the National Health System： An Empirical Study

The national health system （NHS） complexity increase requires a review of the managerial human resources evaluation and recruiting methods, considering that nowadays doctors need to improve not just their clinical capabilities, but also managerial competences. At this end it is important to develop performances control models and to identify appropriate results indicators, with the aim of introducing an effective doctors selection system for managerial roles. The paper considers the Italian situation and tests the current evaluation and selection methods, by analysing the literature and the existing legislation and by interviewing experts. Moreover, in order to reach an innovative model, complex organizations have been taken into account as benchmarks. Three different categories of experts have been interviewed and texted： national health care organizations managers, companies managers, and business consultants. The 137 interviewed experts have been asked about four main questions concerning the evaluation for hiring managers as chief medical director, department director, and head of complex units. The conducted research suggests four different options in order to evaluate and to select heads of complex unit for the most strategic roles. By consequence, the analysis shows that required characteristics must be managerial attitudes as well as clinical capabilities.     

浅议医院基建工程的造价控制

为了应对医疗市场的激烈竞争,大多数三甲、二甲医院在寻求自身持续发展的对策的同时,还面临着繁重的新建、改扩建任务。本文简单论述了医院基建工程的造价控制。     

Evaluation of Efficiency in Primary Health Care Centres: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis

The aim of this paper is to analyse one of the principal problems in primary health care management: the evaluation of efficiency in primary health care centres. Given the special characteristics of measuring outcome in primary care it is necessary to evaluate the performance of centres from a quality perspective too. The methodology used, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis), allows us to introduce quantitative and qualitative variables in a sample of primary care centres in a Spanish province. Once the efficiency of the different centres is known, we investigate the sensitivity of the methodology to changes in the definition of outputs used.     

注重人文关怀,构建和谐医患关系

医务人员在和谐医患关系的构建中,发挥着不可替代的主导作用,医院需要帮助医务人员调节自身,掌握与患者心理沟通的必要技巧和自我心理舒解的方法。对患者实行有效的人性化关怀服务和心理疏导,坚持以人为本,注重医患沟通,提高医疗执业素质,从而营造和谐的医患关系。     

构建城市空巢老人社区养老模式的研究

随着现代化进程的加快，A4f]的价值观也随之发生变化，进而家庭结构也发生了转变。于是产生了所谓的“空巢家庭”。如今空巢家庭的数量逐渐增加，已不再是个别家庭所面临的问题，而是成为一种社会现象和社会I＂1题。然而空巢老人的养老问题更是成为学者们关注的重点。由于我国的特殊国情和传统观念的限制，社区养老模式成为我国老龄化发展的必然选择。     

风流闲雅《珠玉词》

晏殊《珠玉词》之艺术特色,前人公认为风流闲雅,这一风格的形成主要得益于清新淡雅的意象、华美明丽的色彩、珠圆玉润的声韵、和谐动听的词调。