可持续发展的伦理价值观综述

国内外专家学者对发展观的探讨研究经过了从经济、技术层面到文化、价值层面的深化,通过对以往发展观的研究和总结,人们对伦理价值观的研究从传统的伦理价值观发展到了可持续发展的伦理价值观。本文试就超越“人类中心主义”和“非人类中心主义”的环境伦理价值观,超越“西方中心主义”和“城市主义”的代内伦理价值观,超越“本代中心主义”的代际伦理价值观的观点作出综述,并在代内伦理价值观中首次提出了不同群体之间的公平问题。     

经济伦理视角下的税收公平

"税收",作为政府组织财政收入、实现公平目标的重要工具,对这一问题的研究不仅应从经济学的视野进行研究,而且还应该从伦理学的角度加以思考.本文从经济与伦理的双重维度出发,分析"税收公平"的内容、体现形式,探讨如何从"制度伦理"和"道德环境"两个角度构建公平合理的税收体系.     

生态伦理：从生态理想到生态文明

人与自然的和谐是一种生态理想,生态文明是生态理想的现实化,生态理想的现实化有赖于制度变革和制度安排,制度安排应当遵循生态伦理的基本原则。     

When Ethical Transgressions of Customers Have Beneficial Long-Term Effects in Retailing: An Empirical Investigation

The conventional wisdom, grounded in deontological ethics, is that retailers should extinguish unethical customer behavior. However, there exists an opposing teleological view that unethical behavior may be tolerated if its ultimate consequences are beneficial for all stakeholders. This is supported by a survey of retail managers conducted by the authors that revealed over 80% of the respondents are inclined to tolerate unethical customers whose actions have beneficial effects. The primary goal of this research is to investigate the boundaries of this teleological perspective, that is, whether ethical transgressions that appear to have negative short-term consequences for the retailer and other ethical customers can have beneficial longer-term consequences for all parties. We examine this question empirically with a longitudinal dataset, covering seventy weeks and over 48,000 accounts, from a popular Swiss online retailer. We focus on increased revenues and customer engagement as the benefit for the retailer. Our results show that customers registering multiple accounts in violation of the retailer’s policy comprise fewer than 11.5% of accounts, yet generate more than 27.6% of the retailer’s revenue. Specifically, their behavior leads to higher retailer revenues and greater engagement by other customers in the long-run. We discuss the implications of this insight for retailing managers as well as scholars.     

Situating the wildlife spectacle: ecofeminism,representation, and polar bear tourism

This paper presents a critical investigation of power relations circulating in promotional materials associated with polar bear tourism in Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Drawing on precepts of ecofeminism, critical discourse analysis, and the content of cultural texts (websites, souvenirs) produced by tourism operators, businesses, and crown corporations, the study interprets how representations of polar bears re-inscribe regimes of truth that marginalize non-human animal others and are complicit with patriarchal ideologies. Focus in our analysis is placed first, on illustrating the portrayal of “performing spectacle bears” – a socially constructed subjectivity designed to serve the desires of wildlife tourism producers and consumers – and, second, on diagnosing the privileged discourses that work to maintain and normalize this construction, along with the interspecies dynamics they support. In effect, the paper sheds light on the complex and recurrent effects of anthropocentric and instrumentalist orientations in tourism, including their contingency upon masculine systems of value and rationality. The paper also points out the potential of ecofeminist ethics of care for enhancing interspecies relationships in sustainable tourism.     

Proximity and animal welfare in the context of tourist interactions with habituated dolphins

The long-term sustainability of wildlife tourism depends on integrating visitor demands with resource management, requiring an understanding of tourist motivation. Managing the conflict between access to the animals and welfare, however, may diminish the experience for tourists. This paper identifies trade-offs tourists are willing to make between access and animal welfare, associated with feeding habituated bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Monkey Mia, Western Australia. Using a choice modelling technique, we were able to determine monetary values of visitor experiences. Compared to the current guaranteed interaction with dolphins (and a daily resort entrance fee), respondents were willing to pay significantly higher hypothetical entrance fees to avoid a decrease in proximity to, or probability of, the dolphin interaction. However, negative impacts on dolphin welfare had a negative impact on visitor utility. Over 80% of visitors (n = 244) accepted management regulations resulting in decreased time with and proximity to dolphins, if those addressed welfare concerns and were communicated clearly. Thus, while visitors placed the greatest value on the proximity and predictability, they were willing to trade off these aspects if they improved dolphin welfare. We provide management suggestions based on these results.     

Sustainable travel writing? Exploring the ethical dilemmas of twenty-first-century travel writers

There is a paucity of academic literature on travel writing that examines travel writers and their perceived influence on sustainability. This article addresses this lacuna by exploring how travel writers understand their responsibilities and reflects on ethics in their profession, particularly in how foreign destinations and cultures are portrayed. This is significant because some travel writers have been accused of contributing to what interviewees called the “Lonely Planet Syndrome”, the notion that writing about a place will introduce and encourage mass tourism, changing the original state of the place for the worse. In this qualitative, phenomenological study, data were collected from 23 in-depth interviews with twenty-first-century travel writers and analysed using an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. Findings suggest that while some interviewees expressed anxiety about their perceived accountability to mediate foreign cultures responsibly, others embraced their role as a cultural mediator. They cared about local cultures and wanted to write in responsible ways by supporting more sustainable outcomes, reflected in the themes of cross-cultural understanding, socio-cultural and environmental advocacy and promoting benefits of tourism to communities. Future studies could include exploring the role of travel editors, travel writers’ professional knowledge and the growing role of travel blogs.     

消费者伦理信念及关系质量对消费者非伦理行为的影响

本文运用典型相关分析法对中国消费者的伦理问题进行探讨,提出并检验了关系质量在消费者伦理信念与消费者非伦理行为决策中的调节作用。文章指出,鉴于信念与行为在很多场合下的非一致性,在以后的消费者伦理研究中,努力开发类似关系质量的调节或中介变量是有意义的。     

城市土地利用政策的伦理分析

土地利用是一个伦理问题,城市土地利用政策必须遵循效率、公平、生态、利义统一的伦理原则。针对目前城市土地利用政策中伦理缺失现象,必须在城市土地利用规划过程中扩大和完善公民参与,完善节约集约用地型土地利用政策体系,更加注重公平理念,加强政策主体的职业伦理建设。     

从生态伦理视野对当今企业管理的疏解

当前有关企业管理的研究层次以及类别比较活跃,但将企业管理与生态环境伦理问题相结合的研究还很不成熟。随着人类环保意识的逐步提高,现代企业管理应更加关注其与人类生活的生态环境相结合的问题。从生态伦理的角度重新审视现代企业管理中存在的一系列问题,进而解决此类问题,以促进社会更快、更好的发展,最终实现整个社会的可持续发展。