Foods produced using biotechnology: how does the law protect consumers?

This paper addresses the following subjects: biotechnology and consumers, concern about risks, consumer acceptance, labelling of foods produced using biotechnology, the legal approach to consumer protection, and consumer protection policies relating to biotechnology products in the European Union, the United States, Turkey and global institutions such as the Convention for Biological Diversity (CBD) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). It is likely that biotechnology will gain ground much more rapidly in the twenty‐first century than in the past. Despite rapid, detailed and precise advances in gene technology, its applications have not been the received with a great deal of consumer enthusiasm. Consumers have approached genetically modified foods with considerable apprehension and opposition. Consumer concerns about bioengineered food products focus on the questions of human health, environmental and social risks and benefits. The most important stages in the process of marketing new foods produced using biotechnology are to demonstrate user need and consumer acceptance. Generally, the technical complexity of biotechnology makes it difficult for consumers to understand details of the product and the specific attributes of biotechnology applications. Scientific uncertainty, the nature of consumer concerns and general reluctance to accept biotechnology products, increase the importance of consumer protection. Legal protection is a very important factor in the solution of new social problems related to technological advances. More specifically, consumer and environmental law support consumer protection related to foods produced with biotechnology. The basic principles of consumer law can be re‐formulated as consumer rights. Environmental law is a new phenomenon, but precautionary principles and public participation in decision‐making for environmental law are relevant to consumer protection relating to bioengineered food products.     

Primal/Dual Positive Math Programming: Illustrated through an Evaluation of the Impacts of Market Resistance to Genetically Modified Grains

The goal of Howitt's positive mathematical programming procedure is to calibrate a mathematical programming model so that it will reproduce a set of base data for the primal variables. This article develops an analogous procedure allowing one to specify the levels of both primal and dual variables. This article also sheds light on a potential ambiguity of Howitt's procedure (with attendant policy evaluation impacts). The procedure is illustrated through application to an equilibrium displacement model focused on evaluating the consequences of the reluctance of U.S. trading partners to accept genetically modified crop products for U.S. production patterns and net farm income.     

X荧光光谱法快速测定糙米中的镉

采用重金属镉富集装置对被测糙米进行先碳化后灰化的处理,使得被测糙米中的镉元素富集;将得到的被测糙米灰分放入样品杯中压制成被测样品,由X射线荧光分析装置进行测量,得到镉元素的信号强度,然后根据信号强度与浓度的比例关系自动计算样品中镉的含量.整个分析过程在15 mim以内,数据结果与AAS结果一致。     

Smith预估器在过热气温控制中的应用

针对过程控制滞后的问题,介绍Smith预估器的控制原理和应用,把一种改进的Smith预估控制器应用于发电厂过热气温控制。并利用ITAE优化准则给出了改进Smith预估控制器的参数整定方法。以达拉特发电厂#4机组过热汽温控制为例探讨Smith预估器对过热汽温控制时参数的整定方法,并对实施后的效果与常规PID控制效果进行比较和总结。     

从米糠油加工的废弃物中分离提取含量≥98%天然阿魏酸新工艺

文章介绍了从米糠油加工的废弃物中分离提取含量≥98%天然阿魏酸新工艺的技术原理、主要技术指标、技术创新点、关键技术与工艺,以及用户使用效果和项目鉴定结论。     

生产公路微表处改性乳化沥青的影响因素和质量控制

G30线连霍高速公路山临、临清段经多年营运,部分路面出现了车辙、裂缝等早期病害。本文仅针对改性乳化沥青微表处技术的应用,重点从试验指标的控制方面谈一点自已粗浅的认识。     

废旧橡胶粉在道路改性沥青中的应用研究

随着我国经济的发展,汽车工业得到迅速的发展,但是我们也面临着一个严峻的问题,那就是汽车的废旧轮胎的处理问题。我国每年产生的废弃轮胎大约有1400kt。废旧轮胎对环境有着严重的污染作用。因为这种材料不容易分解,需要相当长的时间。植物的生长会因之破坏,随之滋生的蚊虫也会影响人类的健康。因此,如何处理废旧轮胎成了亟待解决的问题。现在有一种工艺,可以变废为宝。那就是将废旧轮胎磨成橡胶粉,将其用于道路改性沥青当中。经实验证明,这种沥青能够改善沥青的高温与低温性能,大大降低路面的损害,同时能在很大程度上改善废旧轮胎产生的污染问题。目前,我国针对这方面的研究还不够成熟,相关的标准也不完善。     

财务报告舞弊行政处罚与可感知审计质量

以2001年至2008年间非金融类、非外资类正常交易A股公司为研究样本,考察财务报告舞弊行政处罚是否传递了可感知审计质量信息,实证研究结果表明:投资者总体上并不认可财务报告舞弊行政处罚传递了可感知审计质量信息,仅当投资者观察到反映坏消息的审计意见(如审计师出具非标审计意见、审计意见未改善等)和反映审计师声誉信息(如审计师受到行政处罚)的情况下,投资者才认为财务报告舞弊行政处罚传递了可感知审计质量信息。     

Optimum allocation in multivariate stratified random sampling: stochastic matrix mathematical programming

The allocation problem for multivariate stratified random sampling as a problem of stochastic matrix integer mathematical programming is considered, minimizing the estimated covariance matrix of estimated means subject to fixed cost or fixed total sample size. With these aims the asymptotic normality of sample covariance matrices for each strata is established. Some alternative approaches are suggested for its solution. An example is solved by applying the proposed techniques.     

Hypothesis testing and parameter estimation based onM-statistics ink samples with unequal variances

Summary Ink samples with unequal variances,M-tests for homogeneity ofk location parameters are proposed. The asymptoticχ ²-distributions of the test statistics and the robustness of the tests are investigated. NextM-estimators (ME’s) of parameters are discussed. Furthermore positive-part shrinkage versions (PSME’s) of theM-estimators for the location parameters are considered along with modified James-Stein estimation rule. In asymptotic distributional risks based on a special feasible loss, it is shown that the PSME’s dominate the ME’s, and preliminary test and shrinkageM-versions fork≧4.