Institutional distance among country influences and environmental performance standardization in multinational enterprises

This research compares and contrasts the findings in Aguilera-Caracuel et al. (2013) with the outcomes of applying fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) — a methodological strategy that gathers quantitative and qualitative information to explain complexity at the case level and generality across cases. Using the same sample of 128 multinational enterprises (MNEs) with headquarters and subsidiaries based in the USA, Canada, France, and Spain, we identify a set of relevant configurations of causes and conditions to explain environmental performance standardization. By avoiding separate treatments for each variable, which is typical in multiple regression analysis (MRA), we overcome prior limitations and propose a new way of understanding this phenomenon. In summary, our results significantly reinforce and complement the previous results.     

乡村社会二元规则系统的共存与博弈——以外嫁女的村民资格为例

近年来，围绕外嫁女的村民资格，产生了很多冲突，有的甚至诉诸司法程序。在冲突中，维权的外嫁女，与以村委会为代表的其他村民，分别依据不同的规则系统为自己辩护，即国家正式的法律制度与乡村社会的父系传统。前者源于现代工业文明，后者源于中国传统的农业文明，它们的并存，型塑了中国社会，尤其是乡村社会秩序的基本特征。     

‘I Don't Like My Children to Grow up in this Bad Area’: Parental Anxieties about Living in Informal Settlements

A growing body of research on informal settlements considers the experiences of children, but seldom outlines the daily parenting experiences of adult men and women. At the same time, policy on housing in South Africa points to the ways in which the ‘eradication’ of informal housing will help provide children with better futures. This article explores the social relation of parenting within an informal settlement in Durban, South Africa, bearing in mind the broader difficulties of parenting in poverty, and points to ways in which the material qualities of informal settlements contribute to feelings of anxiety in parents. It questions how these experiences might differ from or be similar to those of parents who live in generic contexts of poverty (but not necessarily informality). It concludes ultimately that living in an informal settlement does actually contribute to particular parental anxieties, but that there is no guarantee that informal housing eradication will remove these concerns.     

An analysis of delayed formal and interlinked informal credit in agriculture

A model of interlinked credit-product contracts between small farmers and large farmers when the small farmer faces delay in getting formal credit and the large farmer does not, has been developed. The small farmer remains on the reservation income level, and his reservation income is inversely related to the length of the delay. However, this does not hamper the productivity of the small farmer. The large farmer extracts the surplus through the interlinked contract and this surplus is positively related to the length of the delay. Interlinkage and non-inter-linkage equilibria become identical if the small farmer gets the formal credit at the beginning of the crop cycle. Various subsidy policies worsen the distribution of formal credit.     

The new post-industrial state

With the socioeconomic restructuring of the 1970s and 1980s, the idea of a smooth transition to a post-industrial service economy has required significant revision. We outline three such revisions: the ideas of informatization, informalization, and dualism. The first two are reworkings of post-industrial theory so as to emphasize one or other undervalued trend in industrial society, and are in principle quite compatible. The third emphasizes inequalities in power and resources that are plausibly associated with developments seen as benign by the others. Each has distinct implications for democratic development. However, we argue that while elements of all three models are present in current trends, so that the future might be best seen as a compromise between them, in fact all approaches fail to grasp the real significance of socioeconomic and technological restructuring. A more fruitful approach, with distinctive policy implications, is proposed.     

职工薪酬几项特殊业务的会计处理

非货币性职工薪酬、带薪缺勤和职工内退等涉及薪酬事项，属于职工薪酬中的特殊业务，新准则及其应用指南中对这些特殊业务的会计处理涉及很少，其中职工内退则未曾涉及。本文以新准则及其应用指南规定的原则为依据，结合相关法律、法规和笔者实践，介绍这些特殊业务的会计处理方法。     

农村金融改革的历史性思考

由“民工潮”一下子变成了“民工荒”，打破了中国劳动力无限供给的神话，主要发生在东南沿海等加工制造业聚集地区的结构性、局部性的民工短缺，影响了生产，暴露了社会不公，已引起社会的普遍关注。本文运用微观经济学的分析框架，从供给和需求两个方面分析产生“民工荒”的原因，并提出解决的相应对策和措施。     

Informal Institutions and Social Transition： a Case Study of Chinese and Russian Reform

In this paper, based on the theory of institutional economics of the relationship between informal and the formal institution and that of institutional conformity and social performance, by comparing the process of social transition between Russia and China, the author attempts to show that informal institution of Russia and China has a strong impact on the performance of social transition in the two countries hence to show the superiority of Gradualism to Constructivism.