The role of supervision in child injury risk: definition,conceptual and measurement issues

The purpose of this paper was to examine caregiver supervision and its role as an active strategy in childhood injury prevention. Through a review of the literature, the authors addressed conceptual and methodological issues related to supervision, such as the question of how to define ‘adequate supervision.’ Three critical dimensions (attention, proximity and continuity) of caregiver supervisory behaviors are identified as important areas for measurement. Presented is a framework for understanding the role of passive and active supervisory behaviors within the social context. The framework includes family and community characteristics and policies/regulations that may be important in caregiver decisions to use active or passive injury prevention strategies. Future research directions are discussed.     

多根蒲公英(一类树)的优美标号

本文给出一类树——多根蒲公英的标号,并证明它是优美的。     

Rejecting New Technology: The Case of Genetically Modified Wheat

Canada has stringent regulations covering the release of new wheat varieties, but the United States has virtually no regulations in this area. Monsanto Co. developed genetically modified (GM) spring wheat for North America, and made a commitment to the U.S. industry to release this new technology simultaneously in both Canada and the United States, or not at all. The Canadian regulatory bias against new varieties acted as a veto against GM wheat and caused Monsanto to shelve the technology in both countries in 2004. Substantial economic rents were foregone in North America due to the rejection of this new technology.     

Do Voluntary Biotechnology Labels Matter to the Consumer? Evidence from the Fluid Milk Market

This article examines the effects on the demand of voluntary labeling for the use of genetically modified growth hormone for retail fluid milk using supermarket scanner data. Retail fluid milk tracks one of the first biotechnology products approved, is fairly standardized and ubiquitous, and allows for cross-sectional differentiation between labeled and unlabeled products and between conventional and organic brands. The results indicate that voluntary labeling increases the demand for recombinant bovine growth hormone free milk. In addition, the estimated effects of labeling appear to have increased over time.     

Consumer’s Perception of Fruit Innovation

The objective of the present report is to explore consumers’ perception of fruit and fruit product innovations, in particular nutritionally enriched/fortified fruit and laser-tattoo labeled fruit. These innovations may modify consumers’ visual representation of fruit, influencing their perceptions of fruit integrity. The research included 537 face-to-face interviews with shoppers at the point of sale and was analyzed with the use of factor analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Results show that the consumers pursue “nature integrity–oriented” innovation, for both health and environment-oriented innovation. The consumer is cautious toward innovation and accepts it if the final product keeps its original familiarity. Consumers are more inclined toward innovation if they have a higher education level, are young or middle age, or have a higher income. To conclude, innovation is positively perceived if it respects consumers’ perception of fruit as being intrinsically natural. Innovation in fruit and fruit products should be tested against consumers’ acceptance.     

The Effects of Voluntary Versus Mandatory Menu Calorie Labeling On Consumers’ Retailer-Related Responses

Restaurants with 20 or more locations will soon be required to disclose calorie information on menus and menu boards. Retailers not included in this mandate can choose to voluntarily provide calorie information. To better understand the implications of this major policy change for food retailers, this research examines how consumers’ retailer-related responses are affected by menu calorie labeling. A framework based on the attribution theory and the health halo literatures is developed, and three primary studies, including a field experiment, are used to test the proposed direct, moderating, and mediating effects derived from this conceptualization. Findings across the studies show that menu calorie labeling has a positive direct effect on perceptions of the restaurant’s concern for customers’ well-being and positive indirect effects on attitudes toward the restaurant and patronage intentions. However, these direct and indirect effects are attenuated when the restaurant is perceived to be more (vs. less) healthful and when menu calorie labeling is mandatory (vs. voluntary). The implications of these findings for retail and restaurant management are discussed.     

欧美碳标签对我国制造业出口影响路径探究——基于ADF实证检验

发展低碳经济已经在全球达成基本共识。文章基于《中国低碳经济年度发展报告(2011)》及《2012年中国对外贸易发展报告》数据,运用ADF—格兰杰因果检验证明碳标签对我国制造业出口产生影响:发达国家率先推出的碳标签制度,作为一种新型隐性技术壁垒,将显著增加我国产品出口成本,降低出口量。对此,我国制造企业需认真研究国外碳标签发展情况,制定出产品出口的对策。     

转基因食品强制标识制度在世贸组织框架内的法律分析

鉴于转基因食品可能存在不确定的风险,许多国家都要求对转基因食品进行强制标识。由于欧盟自1998年以来暂停批准转基因农产品在欧盟市场的准入申请,2003年5月,美国、加拿大和阿根廷在世贸组织提起针对欧共体的申诉。在该案的审理过程中,欧盟对转基因食品的强制标识制度也成为一个争议的问题,这给中国政府敲响了警钟。在中国,目前有农业部和卫生部的两个相关管理办法。本文根据世贸组织的相关规则,包括《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协定》、《技术性贸易壁垒协定》以及关贸总协定1994第20条,从实体和程序上对我国现行规定的合法性进行了具体分析,并提出了相应建议,以期为政府相关部门的决策提供参考。