我国老年人日常生活自理健康预期寿命的差异性分析

健康是人们关心的热点问题,对老年人来说,不仅要长寿,而且要健康,要尽可能长久地保持生活自理能力,提高自身的生命质量。回答我国老年人的日常生活不能自理期是压缩还是扩展了,分析影响老年人日常生活自理能力的因素。采用1992年和2002年两次全国老年调查数据,做分城乡、分性别、分年龄的不同老年人生活自理健康预期寿命的差异性分析。在1992年和2002年期间,城镇老年人和农村老年人日常生活不能自理期均在“扩展”;2002年卧床不起的疾病对老年人日常活动影响更大,老年人2002年比1992年在生活自理方面需要更多的照料资源。     

城乡基本公共物品均衡配置的可行性分析

城乡基本公共物品供给均衡配置是实现城乡协调、缩小城乡差距的特定途径。我国城乡基本公共物品配置制度在新时期的改革与建设中尽管已经取得了很大成就,但农村公共物品供给还相对落后,城乡基本公共物品配置呈现出严重的非均衡性。经过30年的改革开放,我国已由生存型阶段进入发展型的新阶段,综合国力的提高、工业化发展阶段的变化以及党和政府治理理念的转变,使城乡基本公共物品均衡配置具有现实可行性。     

Recreational benefits from a marine protected area: A travel cost analysis of Lundy

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been proposed in many countries as a means of conserving parts of the marine environment. In some cases, MPAs may also confer recreational benefits. In this paper, a travel cost model is used to estimate the non-market recreational benefits arising from the Lundy Island Marine Nature Reserve (MNR). The estimated mean consumer surplus for visiting Lundy was found to range from £359 to £574 per trip. The designation of No Take Zone (NTZ) has also contributed to higher consumer surplus values. This result provides a strong economic justification for the designation of MPAs for recreational as well as conservation purposes.     

环渤海地区制造业专业化程度的实证研究

通过计算分析了2000-2009年环渤海地区三省两市20个制造业部门的Hovver专业化系数和Krugman专业化指数,结果表明环渤海地区制造业专业化程度在2002-2005年经历了一次调整,调整的原因主要是由于环渤海地区间的产业结构的调整;三省两市之间制造业结构的差异从2006年以后趋于稳定,且各地区专业化程度分成三个梯度。市场机制在资源配置过程中的作用越来越强,三省两市按照自身优势发展制造业的趋势也越来越明显。     

我国居民收入分配差距分析

现阶段我国居民的收入分配差距呈现出不断扩大的总体趋势,具体表现在城乡之间、地区之间、行业之间.对此,必须及时采取有效措施解决居民收入差距扩大化带来的问题.     

宋代长江下游圩田开发与水事纠纷

两宋时期,长江下游地区圩田开发在以往的基础上进一步迅速发展。人们在圩田开发利用过程中,因为争水、排涝、抢占河湖滩地,以及对陂湖的恣意破坏等因素,产生了诸多水事纠纷。这些纠纷主要有地主与农民之间、官府与民间以及圩际之间等类型。面对各种水事纠纷,两宋政府采取了相应的对策,并取得一定的成效。     

Do tourists disperse weed seed? A global review of unintentional human-mediated terrestrial seed dispersal on clothing,vehicles and horses

Human-mediated seed dispersal is recognised as an important, but under-researched, issue. To assess the potential for tourists to act as unintentional seed dispersal agents, we reviewed published and unpublished data on seed dispersal via clothing, vehicles (cars) and in/on horses and donkeys, all of which can be used by tourists. Seeds from 754 species of terrestrial plants have been collected from these vectors, 15% of which are internationally recognised environmental weeds. Seeds were collected from personal clothing and equipment (228 species), the fur of donkeys and horses (42 species), horse dung (216 species) and vehicles (505 species). Most were herbs (429 species) or graminoids (237 species) and native to Europe. Annual Poa, White Clover, Kentucky Bluegrass and Yorkshire Fog were the most frequent species. There have been eight studies specifically on tourists, which identified 12 species on clothing, 26 on vehicles and 133 from horse dung. Methods that minimise the risk of tourists as human-mediated dispersal agents may therefore be appropriate for some tourism activities/destinations: suggestions are made. Further sampling using standardised experimental techniques is required to assess the relative risk associated with specific tourist activities and locations and determine which, and how much, seed is transported.     

Computer Simulation as a Tool for Planning and Management of Visitor Use in Protected Natural Areas

The United Nations Environment Programme’s Principles on Implementation of Sustainable Tourism suggest that implementing sustainable tourism must include monitoring visitor use of protected natural areas and directing it to areas where the environmental and social impacts of tourism are minimised. Thus, sustainable tourism management requires information about the spatial and temporal flow of visitor use in protected natural areas to help identify potential tourism-related threats to the natural and cultural resources of an area and the quality of visitors’ experiences. Recent research has identified at least four ways in which simulation modelling of visitor use can facilitate more informed planning and management of sustainable tourism in protected natural areas, including (1) describing existing visitor use flows; (2) monitoring the condition of ‘hard to measure’ indicator variables; (3) testing the effectiveness of alternative visitor use management practices; and (4) guiding the design of research on public attitudes. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate, using findings from studies conducted in the Inyo National Forest and Isle Royale National Park, USA, each of these four potential contributions of computer simulation to sustainable tourism management and planning. The paper concludes with an assessment of the limitations of existing applications of computer simulation to nature-based tourism and recommendations for future research.     

Seasonal Trading and Lifestyle Motivation

ABSTRACT

This article explores relationships between tourism sea-sonality and the lifestyle motivations of small tourism businesses, fundamentally a supply-side perspective of seasonality. Seasonal trading decisions are subject to a number of influences, not all of which are in the operator's control. Drawing from exploratory research undertaken in Scotland, the article argues that for some operators, especially located in rural and peripheral destination areas, lifestyle enterprise can confer a range of benefits, some of which are afforded by operating the business on a seasonal basis. Moreover, seasonal trading was seen to assume a number of distinct roles, reflecting various characteristics of lifestyle operators. Accordingly, public policies that seek to promote seasonal extension based on the premise of local economic development or destination objectives are not necessarily destined to work. This is particularly pertinent if such policies do not recognise the wider supply-side dynamics of seasonal trading and fail to engage with the lifestyle aspirations of the operators themselves.     

Seeing the forest for the trees: tourism and the International Year of Forests

The year 2011 is the United Nations International Year of Forests. In addition to performing extremely significant environmental, economic, and social services, forests are also important tourism attractions in their own right and locations for recreation and tourism activities. The limited statistical data available suggest that there are billions of tourism and recreational visits to forests each year. This paper provides a global overview of biodiversity conservation, protected areas, recreational access, and management objectives in forests before outlining some of the main themes in the relationship between tourism and forests. It concludes that there is a need for a research effort on tourism and forests in order to provide greater recognition for the economic and environmental contributions of tourism in forest areas as well as the overall value of forests for health and wellbeing.