Mixed Equilibrium in a Downsian Model with a Favored Candidate

This paper examines competition in the standard one-dimensional Downsian model of two-candidate elections, but where one candidate (A) enjoys an advantage over the other candidate (D). Voters' preferences are Euclidean, but any voter will vote for candidate A over candidate D unless D is closer to her ideal point by some fixed distance δ. The location of the median voter's ideal point is uncertain, and its distribution is commonly known by both candidates. The candidates simultaneously choose locations to maximize the probability of victory. Pure strategy equilibria often fail to exist in this model, except under special conditions about δ and the distribution of the median ideal point. We solve for the essentially unique symmetric mixed equilibrium with no-gaps, show that candidate A adopts more moderate policies than candidate D, and obtain some comparative statics results about the probability of victory and the expected distance between the two candidates' policies. We find that both players' equilibrium strategies converge to the expected median voter as A's advantage shrinks to 0. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, D72.     

Bertrand versus Cournot competition in a downstream mixed oligopoly with foreign ownership

Focusing on foreign ownership in the private firm, we examine the Cournot-Bertrand comparison in a mixed oligopolistic market with vertical market structure. We have found that if public and private firms were charged with uniform price for their inputs, then Cournot-Bertrand ranking in market outcomes confirms those obtained by Ghosh and Mitra (2010). This implies that under uniform pricing in the upstream sector, the vertical market structure does not have substantial influences on Cournot-Bertrand ranking. However, if discriminatory pricing is adopted, firm's profits, output, and social welfare are often reversed to those obtained from uniform pricing in the upstream sector. Given the closeness of products, if the share of foreign ownership is sufficiently low, social welfare in Cournot competition can exceed that of Bertrand competition, contrasting with the standard welfare ranking that Bertrand welfare is strictly higher than Cournot. This implies that Cournot competition can be more socially desirable than Bertrand in mixed oligopoly with vertical market structure if discriminatory pricing scheme is adopted by foreign upstream monopolists.     

对油料作业过程中人员安全管理的思考

作业人员参与油料作业全过程的每个环节,在其中发挥着极其重要的作用。据相关统计,大部分油料安全事故均或多或少在与作业人员的不安全行为有关。为保证油料作业顺利进行,在油料作业过程中应加强对人员的安全管理。     

Taking the “Q” Out of Research: Teaching Research Methodology Courses Without the Divide Between Quantitative and Qualitative Paradigms

The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence that the debate between quantitative and qualitative is divisive and, hence, counterproductive for advancing the social and behavioral science field. We advocate that all graduate students learn to utilize and to appreciate both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. As such, students will develop into pragmatist researchers who are able to utilize both quantitative and qualitative techniques when conducting research. We contend that the best way to accomplish this is by eliminating quantitative research methodology and qualitative research methodology courses from curricula and replacing these with research methodology courses at different levels that simultaneously teach both quantitative and qualitative techniques within a mixed methodological framework.An earlier version of this article received the 2003 Southwest Educational Research Association (SERA) Outstanding Paper Award.     

作业成本法下采油厂作业增值性研究

在作业成本法下,企业通过对作业进行动态分析,促进企业消除或减少不增值作业,提高增值作业效率,减少资源消耗,提高整个企业的效率和竞争力。在了解作业成本法相关理论基础上,分析了作业增值分析是作业成本法实现成本有效管理的重要环节,结合采油厂对采油厂作业各个作业中心进行了增值性分析。采油厂作业增值性分析使采油厂有效寻求本单位作业中心的增值作业,有针对性地提高增值作业效率,进而提高整个企业效率和竞争力。     

智能凝胶GD-1混堵技术在靖边气田的应用

靖边气田钻井过程中发生井漏,采用常规堵漏技术(桥塞堵漏、水泥浆堵漏)常堵漏不彻底、容易出现井漏反复等井下复杂情况。基于常规堵漏方法,引进智能凝胶GD-1混堵技术在靖边气田南部黄土表层、刘家沟组裂缝地层应用,取得了良好的防漏、堵漏效果:提高了堵漏成功率,减小堵漏反复性,二次堵漏的几率明显降低。     

OTC药品的风险认知与健康风险决策的分析

自我药疗行为的普及以及OTC药品的市场化,加速了药品的商品化进程。然而,药品的消费行为附带健康风险。本文基于这个假设,提出了混合作用模型,目的是分析消费者选购OTC药品时的健康风险决策的内在机理。通过设定健康关注度和医疗认可度作为个体差异变量、风险框架作为购买状况变量、风险认知作为中介变量,使用线性回归模型和判别回归模型分析个体的药品选择规律。研究发现,在风险框架下,个体的健康关注度、医疗认可度与风险认知存在一定的关系。同时,将风险框架、风险认知、个体因素用来判别消费者的OTC药品选购决策有显著的意义。     

A Probabilistic Clustering Model for Variables of Mixed Type

This paper develops a probabilistic clustering model for mixeddata. The model allows analysis of variables of mixed type: thevariables may be nominal, ordinal and/or quantitative. The modelcontains the well-known models of latent class analysis as submodels.As in latent class analysis, local independence of the variables isassumed. The parameters of the model are estimated by the EMalgorithm. Test statistics and goodness-of-fit measures are proposedfor model selection. Two artificial data sets show the usefulness ofthese tests. An empirical example completes the presentation.     

销售努力与价格干扰下的回购契约模型分析

实现供应链协调的一个重要方法就是供应链契约,以一个两阶段存货式生产供应链系统为背景,研究了在销售努力可以核实的前提下,零售价格与销售努力水平同时影响市场需求时的回购契约协调问题。首先在集中决策下给出系统最优的订货量、努力水平和零售价格,然后解释了分散决策下传统回购契约失灵的原因。为此,引入基于努力成本共担与最高限价的混合回购契约,实现了供应链协调。最后,通过数值算例对模型进行了检验。     

舾装作业中考虑周期驱动的虚拟单元多阶段动态调度研究

多品种小批量离散型生产企业面临的大量不确定因素会干扰其生产的连续性,其中,船舶生产由于其技术与管理特点在此类生产中具有典型性.本文将以船舶舾装生产为例,在保证设备负荷均衡及资源利用率的基础上,研究该环节的虚拟单元调度问题,以提高企业的生产效率.文章以最小运输距离为目标,在充分考虑瓶颈资源约束的基础上,构建周期驱动下分割计划期的数学模型,并以结合任务分配和时间约束的混合蚁群算法求解.通过在某船厂舾装环节的应用发现,本文所提方法能够有效降低当前舾装各作业的平均完成时间,具备可行性.