我国保健品的品牌老化及其应对策略

目前,中国保健品企业机遇与挑战并存,内忧外患同时存在.国内保健品企业该如何应对品牌老化问题是文章关注的论点.文章首先阐述了品牌和品牌老化的相关概念,介绍了我国保健品市场及品牌老化现状,并探索品牌老化的成因,进而归纳出防止品牌老化的几点对策,最后运用典型案例说明我国保健品品牌老化的应对策略.     

Breakthrough innovations in the U.S. biotechnology industry: the effects of technological space and geographic origin

How are breakthrough innovations created? Our study suggests that the type of external knowledge sourced determines the likelihood of creation of breakthrough innovation. We characterize the external knowledge utilized on two dimensions: its technological space and geographic origin. We draw on the concepts of local search and national innovation systems to identify critical knowledge inputs. We hypothesize that external knowledge characterized by technological distance or proximity and the national or international context can have a differential impact on breakthrough innovation. This is due to the contradictory implications of its value created by distance and to absorptive capacity limitations in effectively utilizing knowledge from a different context. To test our hypotheses we use patent data from the U.S. biotechnology industry. Our findings suggest that technologically distant knowledge of national origin has a curvilinear effect and technologically proximate knowledge of international origin has a positive effect on breakthrough innovation. However, simultaneous exploration along technologically and geographic dimensions is not useful to generating breakthrough innovation; technologically distant knowledge of international origin does not have a significant impact. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

贸易差额与利益所得:基于我国外贸出口的分析

通过对我国当前外贸出口特点的分析，发现我国贸易差额的快速增长并未带来经济利益的同步增长，相反却一直处于量增利减的旋涡中，其主要原因在于经济全球化条件下，资本跨越国境的流动已逐渐取代商品出口成为发达国家对外扩张的主要手段，因此在经济全球化下，以贸易差额作为衡量一个国家在国际分工中的利益所得不仅具有很大的局限性，而且会阻碍发展中国家与发达国家之间的经贸合作。     

演化经济学中的社会合作的起源问题

人类是我们能够观察到的,在没有血缘关系的个体之间,进行广泛而密切的合作的唯一物种,合作在某种意义上,成就了这一生物物种于自然界中的生存和发展.从演化经济学的视角,将制度演化理解为在一般生物演化中获得生物特征的同时获得社会特征的演化过程,进而寻求合作的社会起源.     

Consumer ethnocentricity and preferences for wool products by country of origin and manufacture

Labelling on apparel products usually focuses on the country where manufacturing takes place, rather than where the raw materials were obtained. A choice experiment of consumers in three southern US states was conducted to determine preferences and marginal willingness to pay (mWTP) for wool blend sweaters based on fibre origin and country of manufacture. Fibre origin choices were Australia, US and US State, with the latter to investigate consumer interest in local over simply domestic. Manufacturing had two possibilities, US and China. Survey questions were used to determine an average consumer ethnocentric tendency (CET) score for each consumer, and a median split was used to place each into a High or Low CET group. Nested logit models were analysed for both groups, and mWTP estimates were computed from the coefficients. Both CET groups were willing to pay significant premiums for State‐produced wool over US wool, and for US wool over Australian wool. However, the Low CET group exhibited lower premiums for fibre origins than their High CET counterparts. Ethnocentric consumers, unlike Low CET consumers, were additionally willing to pay significant premiums for wool blend sweaters knitted in the US vs. those knitted in China. Results suggest that labelling fibre by State or by US origin may allow producers to obtain substantial premiums for their apparel products. Promotion of domestic manufacturing though may only be effective for a smaller set of consumers.     

Are Legal Families Related to Financial Reporting Quality?

A large body of financial accounting research explores the quality of accounting in different countries. An important assumption in most of that research is that common law provides a firmer foundation for good accounting transparency than civil law. Researchers usually regress their proxy for accounting quality on an indicator variable that designates the firm's country as a common or civil law jurisdiction (along with other regressors). But what is the support for that nearly universal assumption? This study addresses that question. It traces the distinctions made by legal scholars that characterize the two ‘families’. It analyzes La Porta et al. (1998), which is the nearly universal citation to support the civil/common dummy, and assesses the design and development of research designs that use law in accounting studies. It concludes that the use of the civil/common distinction as applied in accounting studies cannot be supported, and offers suggestions for how to better investigate the ways in which the law interacts with financial reporting.     

Designing an International Marketing Research Course

Given the ever increasing importance of international marketing research, business schools wishing to emphasize the international dimension should offer a course-on this topic. Such a course should discuss the environment in which international marketine research is conducted. Attention should be focused on the mark&ng environment, government environment, legal environment, economic environment, structural environment, informational and technological environment, and sociocultural environment. The course should also cover a discussion of how the six steps of the marketing research Drocess. namelv. Problem Definition. Develo~ine an ~ p ~ r g a c h , ~esearch ~ e s i p ~&ulation, Field ~&k/Data koE lection, Data Pre~aration and Analysis, and Re~ort Pre~aration and Presentation, shobld be implementkd in an int&nation& setting. A framework for the design of an international marketing research course is presented and the course content is discussed.     

略议理论会计学

《理论会计学本源——簿记科技与周易》（《本源》）一书,已完全彻底解开了积淀数百年至今的借贷复式会计的本质真蕴之谜。顾名思义,这是在吸取先行者们长期积累的经验教训的基础上,独辟蹊径,走引进跨时空支持型重大多学科相似性联想而获得突破的。所谓本质真蕴,实际就是借贷会计机制性基础理论由表及里、巨细不遗的天然的本来面目,并是建立纯正的＂理论会计学＂的完备依据。现在将以纯专业形式,逐一探讨一些相关的重大基础理论问题。一门建立在哲学社会科学与自然科学技术紧密结合、同步运行不悖的学科,是能长期经受历史考验的科学。     

Measuring legal systems

Factor-analytic models can substantially improve the measurement of comparative legal systems and thereby our understanding of how legal systems influence economic outcomes. These methods yield better estimates of latent constructs, allow us to evaluate whether institutional features are representative of a theoretical construct and whether allegedly distinct theoretical constructs can be separated empirically. We illustrate these points through a re-analysis of a 2003 study by Djankov, La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes and Shleifer, using a factor-analytic method that combines continuous and categorical indicators. Our results strengthen these authors' findings with respect to how legal formalism relates to legal origin and the quality of the legal system. Yet, the results also show that many of the original index items are not significantly positively related to formalism. The results thus shed light on what institutional features should be prioritized for reform if we seek to make legal systems less formalistic. Moreover, we question the evidence that the formalism model better predicts the quality of the legal system than does the alternative “incentives” model. We argue, instead, that formalism and incentives may both relate to the tendency of a legal system to use bureaucratic rule-making. Our approach can readily be applied to the analysis of legal concepts other than formalism. Journal of Comparative Economics 35 (4) (2007) 711–728.