浅析我国的独立董事制度

独立董事首创于美国,特指不在上市公司担任除董事之外的其他职务,并与公司及其大股东之间不存在可能妨碍其独立作出客观判断的利害关系的董事。独立董事制度在我国产生的时间并不长,从开始时仅在海外上市公司中试点,到2005年修订后的《公司法》作出了明确规定,独立董事制度在我国的法律层面最终得以肯定。目前我国的独立董事制度还存在一定的问题,只有采取相应的对策,才能使该制度更加完善和规范。     

The country-of-origin lie: impact of foreign branding on customers’ willingness to buy and willingness to pay when the product’s actual origin is disclosed

If you think about the last television commercial for an Italian pasta brand you have seen, are you sure it is really Italian? In many cases, especially in the food sector, neither the company nor the product originate from the advertised country, meaning that the company is pursuing a foreign branding strategy and is trying to benefit from positive stereotypes customers have about the specific foreign country. By collecting both quantitative and qualitative data through a point-of-sale intercept survey, this article assesses the impact of alleged origins on customers’ willingness to buy (WTB) and willingness to pay (WTP) if the actual origin is disclosed. The sample consisted of 200 German customers who were asked to answer questions related to one of two hedonic products they had just bought. It is empirically shown that foreign branding has a positive impact on the brand’s performance. However, as soon as customers find out that they were misled with regard to the origin of the product, both their WTB and their WTP decrease. This study contributes to the knowledge on the role of products’ origins on customers’ WTB and WTP. In contrast to the vast majority of the studies in this field, the communicated origin of the product is based on a foreign branding strategy and not on the product’s actual origin. Consequently, it was possible to manipulate within-subject variables by disclosing the actual origin of the product. The results of our study suggest that foreign branding may be a successful strategy for companies to increase their customers’ WTB and WTP. At the same time, our results raise concerns about the suitability of foreign branding as a long-term marketing strategy, unless a company can successfully maintain its foreign image. Future research opportunities include the choice of consumers with a different cultural background, of other hedonic products or of utilitarian products.     

Hedonic Analysis of Consumers' Valuation of Country of Origin of Meat in the United Kingdom

We estimate the implicit prices consumers are willing to pay for country of origin labels, using hedonic price methods and panel data for meat and meat products in the United Kingdom. Our results show that consumers place significant value on origin information across fresh and processed meat products, especially since the horsemeat incident in 2013. The findings also suggest that retailers have increased the use of voluntary labelling of processed meat products since the incident. Hence, further extension of existing mandatory labelling requirements to processed meat products may not be required at least in the short term.     

The determinants of foreign product preference amongst elite consumers in an emerging market

By integrating the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and self-image congruence, this study seeks to investigate elite consumers’ purchase intentions towards products made in foreign countries. The data were gathered via a survey conducted amongst 316 Sri Lankan elite consumers across two product categories. The findings demonstrate that consumers’ attitudes towards products made in foreign countries are driven by subjective norms and self-image congruence. The study shows that self-image congruence is the stronger predictor of consumers’ attitudes towards products made in foreign countries. Also, the effect of self-image congruence on consumers’ purchase intentions is partially mediated by their attitudes towards products made in foreign countries.     

The impact of FDI in land in agriculture in developing countries on host country food security

We investigate the influence of FDI in land in agriculture in developing countries, a phenomenon also known as land grabbing, on host country food security, and suggest a differential impact depending on the investor’s country of origin. FDI in land by developed-country investors positively influence food security by expanding land used for crop production because of home institutional pressure for human rights respect and responsible farmland conduct, in addition to positive spillovers. Instead, FDI in land by developing-country investors negatively influence food security by decreasing cropland due to home institutional pressure to align to national interests and government policy objectives, in addition to negative spillovers.     

Trading forward: The Paris Bourse in the nineteenth century

Contrary to what law and finance theory would predict, the Paris Bourse was highly liquid at the turn of the twentieth century: the traded volumes amounted to four times the French GDP. This magnitude was mainly due to forward trading. The Bourse had developed as a forward market, despite a ban on forward transactions. The guild-like body running the Bourse played a key role in legitimizing and legalizing these operations, previously equated with gambling. The 1885 legalizing act initiated a new field of law (‘securities law’) and paved the way for the heyday of the Paris Bourse.     

International supply chains and trade agreements

There is a growing literature that examines the role of trade agreements on the formation of international supply chains. The evidence indicates that in general countries that share trade agreements are more likely to develope cross-border supply chains. In this analysis, we argue that in order to examine the effects of trade agreements on the formation of supply chains between two countries, it is not enough to analyse the impact of the trade agreements that the two countries share but it is also important to assess the impact of the trade agreements that they share with third countries. Using data on trade in value added for 129 countries, we show empirically that about 40% of the potential increase in trade in value added induced by a trade agreement between an importing country and a sourcing partner is wiped out by each additional trade agreement signed by the importing country with third nations in which the sourcing partner is not a member. The result has important implications for regions seeking to develop international supply chains but in which the process of integration is highly fragmented.     

Legal System and Trade Credit: Evidence from Emerging Economies

Using a large-scale, firm-level dataset from 68 emerging economies for the period of 2002–2006 compiled by the World Bank, we find that legal systems have a positive and significant impact on the provision of trade credit. This result is robust to the inclusion of conventional controls used in the literature, to alternate specifications that address endogeneity and measurement error problems, and to different measures of trade credit and legal systems. Legal systems have a larger impact on trade credit for firms with overdraft facilities than for those without overdraft facilities, and the impact of legal systems on trade credit is significant in more developed countries but not in less developed countries.     

我国近现代书籍装帧设计的历史沿革

随着社会的发展,书籍装帧设计手段的多样化、材料语言的丰富、印刷技术的精确、电脑硬件与软件的不断发展,都将给书籍装帧设计的发展带来深刻的影响。     

宫刑管窥

本文在查阅历史文献的基础上,就我国古代宫刑的产生、发展、消亡进行一些探讨。指出上古时期苗民五虐之刑中的"刑是我国古代宫刑产生的渊源,我国奴隶社会的宫刑的施刑对象主要是"男女不以义交"者。