Competition Effects of Supermarket Services

This article investigates the competition effects of supermarket services using fluid milk as a case study. A simultaneous equation model for services and price competition is estimated with scanner data from fifteen supermarket chains using two alternative measures of services, namely store size and principal components of in-store services. Empirical results show that increasing services results in economies of scope, greater supermarket chain-level demand, lower price elasticity of demand, and enhanced market power, leading to higher milk prices and quantity sold. We conclude that, as result of service competition, supermarkets differentiate themselves from competitors and successfully attract less price-sensitive consumers.     

“交易外部性”:外部性的重新理解及系统整合

基于对外部性和交易本质的理解,当前生产外部性和消费外部性两分的观点有失偏颇。研究提出交易外部性概念,即产权交易过程中,交易一方或交易以外的行为主体的权利(束)或权利部分职能被交易另一方强制利用而未被定价或实现对等补偿的现象。据此,按照发生领域和作用主体的不同,外部性可以划分为生产外部性、消费外部性和交易外部性三类,其中,交易外部性进一步包含一类交易外部性、二类交易外部性和三类交易外部性。此处的二类交易外部性与史普博的内部性具有相同的本质内涵,即内部性实质是交易外部性范畴下的一个子分类。     

Complementarity and the Measurement of Individual Risk Tradeoffs: Accounting for Quantity and Quality of Life Effects

This paper considers the factors responsible for differences with age in estimates of the wage compensation an individual requires to accept increased occupational fatality risk. We derive a relationship between the value of a statistical life (VSL) and the degree of complementarity between consumption and labor supplied when health status serves as a potential source of variation in this relationship. Our empirical analysis finds that variations in an individual’s health status or quality of life and anticipated longevity threats lead to significant differences in the estimated wage/risk tradeoffs. We describe how extensions to the specification of hedonic wage models, including measures for quality of life and anticipated longevity threats, help to explain the diversity in past studies examining how the estimated wage–risk tradeoff changes with age.      

基础设施建设、交易成本与经济增长

通过建立内生经济增长模型,讨论了基础设施作用于经济增长的机制：一部分有效降低了生产和消费过程中的交易成本,另一部分则直接提升人们的福利水平。藉由此机制的作用方式,模型得出了最优的基础设施投入量和与之对应的最大化经济增长率。利用模型的逻辑关系和实证分析中的相关数据,文中对我国历年可能的最优经济增长率进行了数值模拟,该模拟的结果显示出近15年来政府的工作效率和执政水平有了快速的提高。     

从交易成本的视角看我国的大部制改革

国家目前推行的大部制改革是中国行政体制改革的一件大事,本文从交易成本的定义入手,指出大部制在中国推行的主要目的之一是为了降低交易成本;随后从产生交易成本的三个最重要的决定因素分别论述了大部制改革可以从不同方面制约交易成本的产生;并提出了对实施大部制的理性思考。     

价值工程在兴畲高速公路线位优化中的应用

价值工程是一种对某一种产品或系统的各种设计方案进行功能分析,筛选出成本最低、能可靠实现必要功能的技术经济分析方法。本文以线位优化为例。提出了价值工程在优化设计中的运用。     

产品的制造成本——以某中国电子制造厂的产品生产成本核算方法为例

本文记录了一个在中国小型电子制造厂的制造成本分析的案例,文章先对比了传统产品成本分析和作业成本分析法,以及动态和静态成本分析的方法,然后展示了成本分析项目的步骤以及做出的一些成本分摊的决定并且阐述了这些决定后面的理由。     

基于改进的DEA/AHP模型的人工成本投入产出效率评价

通过采用0.1-0.9标度这种更为简便实用的判断尺度,建立了具有完全一致性的互补判断矩阵,妥善解决了AHP判断矩阵的一致性问题,改进了DEA/AHP模型。并基于DEA模型和改进的DEAHP模型分别对盐城市22个行业2009年的人工成本投入产出进行效率评价分析。研究结果显示,基于改进的DEA/AHP模型的评价结果更加具有可区分性,具有更高的解析能力。     

Carbon Disclosure,Financial Transparency,and Agency Cost: Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Listed Companies

Given the constraints on carbon emissions due to their impact on global warming, carbon disclosure has become an important way to deliver signals to the market. We examine the benefits associated with carbon disclosure from the standpoint of corporate social responsibility (CSR) for China’s manufacturing industries from 2010 to 2014. We divide corporations into heavily polluting and non-heavily polluting groups in order to control the industry factor. Based on the Principal-Agent Theory, we empirically test the relationship between carbon disclosure and financial transparency, and we evaluate the effect of carbon disclosure on agency costs and operations. Our results highlight that carbon disclosure is negatively associated with agency costs. However, we do not find enough evidence to prove what role financial transparency plays in the relationship between carbon disclosure and agency cost. Therefore, the influence of financial transparency as a mechanism is not yet clear. This study provides a way to look at the intentions of firms that disclose carbon information, and it also enhances the literature on carbon disclosure and agency costs in China based on Chinese data.     

关于企业物流成本控制的对策研究

物流成本是指企业为实现货物、服务及其相关信息从产出地到消费者之间双向流动和储存所付出的代价。降低物流成本是企业的一个永远的课题,物流成本的控制所产生的经济效益和社会效益都是显著的,是企业第三利润来源的有效手段。因此,物流成本控制对于降低企业成本和提高企业产品的市场竞争力都具有重大的意义。