益贫式增长的内涵及其实现路径：一个文献综述

益贫式增长是对穷人有利的经济增长,它关注穷人在经济增长中的受益程度,被认为是有效减贫的最佳经济增长模式。益贫式增长理论认为经济增长是减贫的最大动力,但是经济增长是减贫的必要而非充分条件,高速的经济增长必须配合更公平的收入分配制度才能实现贫困快速下降。实现益贫式增长主要有两种途径：一种是通过经济增长直接提高穷人收入;另一种是通过政府公共再分配使贫困人口从经济增长中间接获益。本文通过对益贫式增长的含义及其实现路径相关文献进行回顾和总结,以期为学界进一步研究提供参考。     

人力资本视角下的农村反贫困问题研究

贫困问题既是经济问题,也是社会、文化和精神现象,而农村反贫困问题既是我国经济发展中的重点问题,也是难点问题,是关系到我国社会和谐度和新农村建设成败的关键。文章从人力资本的视角分析了贫困的本质,论述了人力资本在反贫困中的作用机理,阐释了我国农村人力资本投资的现状,进而提出了基于人力资本视角的农村反贫困政策。     

Simplified Jackknife Variance Estimates for Fuzzy Measures of Multidimensional Poverty

In this paper, we present a practical methodology for variance estimation for multi‐dimensional measures of poverty and deprivation of households and individuals, derived from sample surveys with complex designs and fairly large sample sizes. The measures considered are based on fuzzy representation of individuals' propensity to deprivation in monetary and diverse non‐monetary dimensions. We believe this to be the first original contribution for estimating standard errors for such fuzzy poverty measures. The second objective is to describe and numerically illustrate computational procedures and difficulties in producing reliable and robust estimates of sampling error for such complex statistics. We attempt to identify some of these problems and provide solutions in the context of actual situations. A detailed application based on European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data for 19 NUTS2 regions in Spain is provided.     

Poverty, Risk Aversion, and Path Dependence in Low-Income Countries: Experimental Evidence from Ethiopia

In most low-income countries, rural households depend on mixed rain-fed agriculture/livestock production, which is very risky. Due to numerous market failures, there are few ways to shift risks to third parties. The literature has focused on what determines the responses of households in such environments. Of special concern are path dependencies in which households experiencing failure are prone to further failure and potential poverty traps. This paper estimates levels and determinants of risk aversion in the highlands of Ethiopia. We find high risk aversion and evidence that constraints have important impacts on risk-averting behavior with perhaps significant implications for long-term poverty. The results also suggest the possibility of path dependence and offer insights into links between risk aversion and poverty traps.     

生态补偿与缓解贫困关系的研究进展

基于生态补偿项目社会公平性考虑和项目实施的客观扶贫效果,有关贫困参与者的研究成为近年来国外生态补偿研究中普遍关注的议题。本研究从生态补偿对贫困的生态环境服务提供者、购买者和未参与者的影响等3个方面回顾并分析了国内外生态补偿与缓解贫困研究的阶段成果,由此提出了中国生态补偿项目设计和实施过程中亟需改善的问题。     

农民阶层政治参与权利贫困问题研究

导致农民阶层处于弱势地位的主要原因是经济贫困、能力贫困和权利贫困,其中最根本的原因是权利贫困．而农民阶层权利贫困主要是指政治参与权利的贫困。农民阶层在具体的政治参与活动中客观上处于与其他阶层不平等的地位,致使农民阶层在实际生活中远离了政治权力中心,在政府主导的利益分配体系和相关的公共政策中影响微弱．     

家庭因素对贫困地区农村劳动力外出决策的影响——基于甘肃10个贫困村调查资料的实证分析

已有研究表明,家庭因素是影响农村劳动力外出决策的重要因素,但在某些个别因素方面得出的结论却存在着较大差异,同时也存在着对一些重要因素的遗漏问题。本文利用对甘肃省10个贫困村的调查资料,运用Logistic回归方法,对影响贫困地区农村劳动力外出决策的家庭因素进行了实证分析。结果表明：农户家庭人口、劳力、耕地规模都对劳动力外出决策有着显著的正向影响,而家庭上学子女数却对劳动力外出决策有着显著而重要的反向影响。     

产权分析视阈中的农村贫困

与其他农村人口相比,农村贫困人口在产权交易方面存在两大劣势:一是占有的土地等生产资料增值能力低,这导致贫困人口缺乏用于交换的产权,而地处偏远又增加了贫困人口进入市场的交易费用.二是人力资本产权的单一性.表现为人力资本结构、使用、与其他生产要素的结合方式的单一性.两大劣势的共同结果必然是生产投入的低产出,并最终积累为贫困.但是,民族贫困地区资源的异质性,为民族地区开展区域交易,形成自生发展能力提供了潜在可能.因此,反贫困政策至少应该指向提高贫困人口占有的生产资料的增值能力、改变贫困人口人力资本结构的单一性、以及在保持资源异质性的前提下,推动地区之间的交易.此外,降低贫困人口进入市场的交易费用,也是必要而有效的反贫困措施.     

参与式扶贫与社区发展——贵州省两个扶贫发展项目的调查与思考

参与式扶贫以农户为主体、以社区为基础,通过赋权,让社区和村民参与项目的决策、实施和组织管理,村民在参与项目的过程中增强了自信心,促进了村民的能力的提高及社区自力更生、自我发展意识的增强,促进了项目运作机制的建立、社区能力建设、项目管理机制和制度的建立,从而为扶贫项目和贫困社区的持续发展奠定了基础.而要真正实现赋权则是一个循序渐进的过程,需经过多方努力才能达到.     

Innovation for Inclusive Growth: Towards a Theoretical Framework and a Research Agenda

Inclusive innovation, which we define as innovation that benefits the disenfranchised, is a process as well as a performance outcome. Consideration of inclusive innovation points to inequalities that may arise in the development and commercialization of innovations, and also acknowledges the inequalities that may occur as a result of value creation and capture. We outline opportunities for the development of theory and empirical research around this construct in the fields of entrepreneurship, strategy, and marketing. We aim for a synthesis in views of inclusive innovation and call for future research that deals directly with value creation and the distributional consequences of innovation.