基于内外因素整合视角下深度贫困地区农户多维贫困测度与分析——以新疆南疆三地州为例

文章根据马克思的内外因理论,从内外因素整合视角出发,构建农户多维贫困指标体系,以2017年新疆南疆三地州的农户调研数据为样本,采用A-F方法对深度贫困地区农户多维贫困进行测度与分解。结果表明,南疆三地州农户在参与新型农业经营主体、职业技能培训、公共交通服务和疾病等方面贫困特征明显,面临多维贫困问题;多维贫困发生率高达54.9%,多维贫困指数为23.58%。多维贫困指数按指标分解显示,职业技能培训、参与新型农业经营主体和疾病是导致农户多维贫困的主要内部原因,而公共交通服务是其主要外部原因;按是否收入贫困农户分解显示,非收入贫困农户也面临着多维贫困问题。     

Measuring Farm and Market Level Economic Impacts of Improved Maize Production Technologies in Ethiopia: Evidence from Panel Data

While it is often recognised that agricultural technology adoption decisions are intertwined and best characterised by multivariate models, typical approaches to examining adoption and impacts of agricultural technology have focused on single technology adoption choice and ignored interdependence among technologies. We examine farm‐ and market‐level impacts of multiple technology adoption choices using comprehensive household survey data collected in 2010/11 and 2012/13 in Ethiopia. Economic surplus analysis combined with panel data switching endogenous regression models are used to compute the supply shift parameter (K‐shift parameter), while at the same time controlling for the endogeneity inherent in agricultural technology adoption among farmers. We find that our improved technology set choices have significant impacts on farm‐level maize yield and maize production costs, where the greatest effect appears to be generated when various technologies are combined. The change in maize yield and production costs results in an average 26.4% cost reduction per kilogram of maize output (the K‐shift parameter). This increases the producer and consumer surpluses by US$ 140 and US$ 105 million per annum, respectively. These changes in economic surplus help to reduce the number of poor people by an estimated 788 thousand per year. We conclude that deliberate extension efforts and other policies that encourage integration of technologies are important for maize technologies to yield their full potential at both farm and market levels.     

地理资本视角下村级多维贫困测度及贫困类型划分*——基于重庆市1 919个市级贫困村调研数据

[目的]精确测度村级多维贫困以及划分贫困类型,是当前提高贫困识别精准度,进一步推进农村精准脱贫的战略需求。[方法]文章基于重庆市1 919个市级贫困村的调研数据,构建地理资本视角下村域多维贫困测度指标体系,并采用多维贫困测度模型、指标贡献度模型和最小方差方法系统揭示了重庆市贫困村多维贫困程度、贫困类型及其空间分布特征。[结果](1)重庆市贫困村多维贫困程度呈两端大中间小的"哑铃状"结构,贫困程度极化特征显著,区域发展具有不平衡性。空间分布上,贫困村多维贫困程度呈从渝东北、渝东南分别向渝西地区逐渐减轻的特征,贫困村多维贫困程度存在明显的地域性差异;(2)重庆市贫困村贫困类型主要分为单资本缺失型、双资本缺失型、三资本缺失型、四资本缺失型4个类型,其占比分别为9.07%、20.27%、66.91%、3.75%,三资本缺失型是最主要的贫困类型。[结论]重庆市贫困村致贫因素复杂多样,需要根据各自的贫困特征,因地制宜地开展差别化的帮扶工作。科学推进精准扶贫战略,力争实现2020年全面脱贫。     

国有林区缓解贫困与生态保护共生协调度及应用研究

[目的]缓解贫困与生态保护的协调发展关系到区域的可持续发展问题,对国有林区缓解贫困与保护森林生态系统安全两者关系的分析研究是生态文明建设新阶段值得高度关注的课题。正确处理生态保护与林区经济发展互促互进具有重要意义,把国有林区缓解贫困与森林生态保护看作两个相互影响相互作用的生物体,用以揭示国有林区缓解贫困与生态保护之间的协调共生关系,以期为区域可持续发展提供理论基础和现实依据。[方法]以黑龙江省国有森工林区40个林业局为研究对象,选取2016年国有森工林区贫困与森林生态综合发展水平的14个指标数据,并运用主客观赋权法确定各指标权重,构建两子系统的共生协调度模型,探究国有森工林区各林业局贫困与生态的共生协调模式的空间布局和差异。[结果]黑龙江省国有森工林区共生协调模式呈现多样化趋势,经历互利共生、寄生协调、寄生冲突和互害竞争等关系,但寄生模式是黑龙江省国有林区贫困与生态的主要模式。[结论]黑龙江省森工国有林区要想实现缓解贫困与生态保护的共生协调,一方面需要加大对森林资源的保护的投入及抚育力度,另一方面森工企业要转变生产方式,优化林业产业结构,提高对林木资源的利用效率。     

Traditional Management Systems, Poverty and Change in the Arid Zone Fisheries of Northern Nigeria

This paper, based on fieldwork results, explores traditional management systems (TMS) in the arid zone fisheries of north-eastern Nigeria with particular reference to their impact on rural poverty. The first section provides a historical background by tracing the evolution of the TMS since the nineteenth century, with reference to government policy on fisheries management and poverty alleviation. The second gives an overview of TMS, including definitions, distribution, principal objectives, regulatory mechanisms and the impact of TMS on the performance of the fisheries and on the livelihoods of rural people. The third considers the perceptions and attitudes of the fishing communities with regards to the fisheries and TMS. The paper concludes, paradoxically, that while TMS provide a basis for the sustainable livelihoods of many fishing people, they also reflect and enforce the social positions of the rich and powerful members of society who oversee them, at the expense of the poor. In the future, poverty alleviation in fisheries will need to incorporate both sectoral and non-sectoral strategies – dealing with the existing 'paradox of TMS' by encouraging appropriate institutional changes and community development, and recognizing the importance of employment creation in other sectors of the economy as a source of alternative income.     

Farm Poverty and Safety Nets

Farm families with incomes below the poverty line are far less likely than wealthier farmers to receive farm support payments. Using data from the 1989–2004 Current Population Survey, we find that poor farm families are also not participating in other assistance programs. Controlling for other factors, eligible farm families have substantially lower participation rates in the Food Stamp Program and in Medicaid than eligible nonfarm families. Removing farm safety net program payments would increase the number of farmers eligible for these programs but, in the absence of behavioral changes, would only lead to small increases in the number of recipients.     

农村减贫效率及其空间差异研究——基于DEA-ESDA模型的分析

[目的]通过对2011~2015年间全国以及各区域层面的农村减贫效率进行测度,探讨其空间差异及变化特征。[方法]文章采用投入导向的DEA-BCC模型测算农村减贫效率值,并借助探索性数据分析法(ESDA)对农村减贫效率的空间差异和变化展开分析。[结果](1)我国农村减贫综合技术效率相对较低,未能充分挖掘现有资源投入的潜力,纯技术效率整体偏小是造成综合技术效率较低的重要原因;(2)省际农村减贫效率在2011~2015年整体呈现出先减后增的趋势,并表现出西高东低的阶梯形空间布局;(3)农村减贫的综合技术效率存在正自相关性,高高聚集的区域主要集中在西部地区,低低聚集区域呈现由东北向京津都市区移转的趋势;(4)减贫综合技术效率的热点区域主要集中在西北与西南两大区域,且具有较强的稳定性;冷点区域主要分布在江西、安徽及东部沿海地区,较为稳定的冷点区域主要集中在东北及环渤海地区。[结论]我国农村减贫效率存在显著的空间异质性的特征,需要精准地识别出局部性致贫因素,因地制宜地制定出具有区域联动特点的空间扶贫开发策略。     

滇西北地区耕地利用存在的问题及对策

滇西北地区山高坡陡，区位特殊，耕地总量少，坡耕地多，陡坡种植面积大，农业生态环境脆弱。随着滇西北地区保护与发展行动计划在该区域实施，必须加大投入力度，加快基本农田建设步伐，彻底改善农业生产条件，提高耕地单位面积产量。同时要加快退耕还林还草，改善区域生态环境。     

海南农村精准扶贫项目绩效评估实证研究

[目的]通过对海南农村精准扶贫项目的绩效进行评估,以期为我国其他地区精准扶贫项目的推进提供借鉴。[方法]确定海南农村精准扶贫项目绩效评估的4类因素14个指标,同时选取2005~2015年间14个指标的统计数据,运用因子分析法对各投入要素进行绩效评价。[结果]绩效评价14个指标中,各投入要素对项目产出和项目效果的贡献大小由大到小依次为扶贫资金利用率、扶贫资金到户率、资金项目报账率、项目招投标率,他们对项目产出:项目建设内容完成率、项目计划内容完成率贡献明显;对农村贫困人口减少率和农村恩格尔系数、农村失学率都有重要的影响;对其他指标的贡献低于平均水平。[结论]海南省农村精准扶贫项目对项目产出和项目经济效果和社会效果明显,主要表现在产出项目建设内容完成率、项目计划内容完成率、农村贫困人口减少率和农村恩格尔系数、农村失学率等方面。     

甘肃苹果产业发展优势及提质增效对策

通过实地调查和专家访谈,利用比较分析法,对甘肃苹果产业的发展优势、存在问题及提质增效对策进行了研究。从自然资源禀赋、经济比较效益、产业支持政策、实际扶贫效果、持续发展潜力等5个方面分析了甘肃苹果产业发展的优势条件;从苗木繁育、栽培管理、产地认证、采后处理、精深加工、品牌建设、技术支撑等方面指出了存在的主要问题;从政策扶持、科技创新、基地建设、人才培养、灾害防控、农业保险等方面提出了促进甘肃苹果产业优化升级、提质增效的对策措施。具体措施是:继续加大政策扶持力度;以促进苹果产业升级为目标,加快品种更新换代,加强关键栽培管理技术研究创新,加强精深加工技术创新推广,进一步强化科技支撑;以企业为主体,加强品牌建设;以标准化为抓手,加强出口创汇基地建设;同时加强本土技术人才培养、加强灾害性天气预警防控、加强苹果产业保险机制研究与示范推广。