探讨降低工程施工成本的方法

在保证工程质量的前提下,降低工程施工成本,做好工程的事前计划、事中控制、事后分析,有助于企业在买方市场中占有一定优势,并可以提高其综合竞争力。     

安徽省高速公路服务区节能减排技术应用范围研究

高速公路服务使用诸多节能减排技术,如建筑节能、太阳能、中水回用等,取得了一定的效果。然而,由于自然地理条件的不同,使得位于不同地理区域的服务区需要选择不同的节能减排技术,为此,开展高速服务区节能减排技术应用范围研究具有显著意义。     

Becoming unemployed and poor in Great Britain

In this study on Great Britain, we estimate the labour market and income process of prime-aged men simultaneously and control for spillover effects. Evidence is presented that the risk of becoming unemployed and poor increases with the duration of unemployment and decreases with the duration of employment. Moreover, the experience of poverty influences the labour market and income prospects negatively, though on a much smaller scale than does the labour market position.     

Unanticipated outcomes of voluntourism among Malawi's orphans

Young people engaging in forms of travel that link touristic adventures with volunteering in contexts of poverty has become increasingly popular. Volunteering in the forms of conservation, environmental and development tourism has a long history. The human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) pandemic in Africa has led to a flurry of volunteering with orphans that is little studied. This project adds to the newly emerging literature on orphan tourism. In-depth, open-ended interviews and participant observations were conducted over a three-month period with American travelers to a Malawian orphanage between 2009 and 2010. These data suggest that volunteers’ experiences and perceptions were shaped by misrepresentations of a generic Africa that both biased and perpetuated misunderstandings of poverty. In addition, a racialized, needy other was understood as needing the benevolent had of the west. Voluntourists often leave with superficial understandings of poverty and culture. In addition, many volunteers expressed new antagonistic perspectives on US poverty, which they felt was not the same caliber as developing world poverty. This re-thinking led many volunteers to miss shared systems of inequality that inhibit the livelihoods of all people living in poverty regardless of geography. The long-term impact on orphans is unclear, but it seems children develop unrealistic expectations about their futures.     

Conceptualising multifunctional agriculture from a global perspective: Implications for governing agricultural trade in the post-Doha Round era

The notion of multifunctional agriculture has been researched from diverse disciplines including economics, sociology, political economy, and geography since the URAA. In particular, the economics approach represents an attempt to tailor the concept of multifunctional agriculture to market- oriented WTO trade regime. The approach has been fundamentally troubled by the lack of concord among WTO member countries on the question of what constitutes multifunctional agriculture. This article redefines multifunctional agriculture as a concept encompassing six components that are extremely heterogeneous in their nature of external benefits. Upon examining different positions taken by the US, the EU, the Cairns group, LDCs, and the G10, this article develops a conceptual model explaining why the notion of multifunctional agriculture is conceived so differently across countries. The model posits that institutions, natural resources endowment, ecological conditions, farm policies, and culture/history unique to each country would determine the state of economic development and agricultural competitiveness in a country, which in turn shape the pattern of social demand for various components of multifunctional agriculture. The theorizing undertakes to overcome the Euro- centrism that has dictated the discourse of multifunctional agriculture since the URAA. Implications are discussed for the governance of agricultural trade in the post-Doha Round era.     

Tourism-based development in Cusco,Peru: comparing national discourses with local realities

This article qualitatively compares national-level development discourses in Peru with local perceptions of poverty and tourism practice for four rural communities of the Valle Sagrado (Sacred Valley), located just outside the ancient Inca capital of Cusco, Peru. Copestake's global designs of development (income first, needs first, and rights first) provide the framework for this comparison, linked to local accounts and on-the-ground observations from six months of field work carried out in the region in 2013. Sources of data, which were collected and initially analyzed using Rapid Qualitative Inquiry (RQI), included semi-structured interviews (N = 93), field notes from participant observation, and documents and reports from government institutions, travel companies, and community associations. Results indicate that a strong degree of overlap exists between local perceptions and income first, needs first, and rights first development discourses. However, frustrations with tourism practice reveal an underlying struggle against neoliberal economism and the ever-increasing foreign presence in the region. Findings suggest that tourism-based development outcomes may be enhanced when policies consider both agreements and contradictions between broader discourses and local views and interests, uncovering issues of power linked to the putative common sense of promoting tourism as a principal component of national development strategies.