美国银行贷款损失准备计提制度研究及其启示

本文研究了美国银行贷款损失准备金制度发展的历程,以及美国会计界、银行监管部门和税务部门在贷款损失准备金政策上曾经存在的冲突和协调完善的进展情况,并分析了我国现阶段同样存在的一些问题。在此基础上,本文认为贷款损失准备对银行抵御风险、真实反映资产和经营业绩都具有重要作用。会计界、银行监管部门和税务部门应该加强协调,完善法规,指导银行合理计提贷款损失准备金,尽快健全我国银行的计提贷款损失准备金制度。     

新会计准则下我国上市公司债务重组动因研究——基于A股上市公司2007年数据

在我国2007年实施新的《企业会计准则——债务重组》的背景下,结合盈余管理的理论,对我国A股上市公司债务重组动因进行的实证分析发现,财务状况改善、扭亏对上市公司债务重组幅度有显著影响,平滑利润对上市公司债务重组幅度影响不显著。     

Accounting Quality in Eastern Europe after Communism

Research Question/Issue: This study, in the taxonomy of Schiehll and Martins (2016 Schiehll, E. and H. C. Martins. 2016. Cross-national governance research: A systematic review and assessment. Corporate Governance: An International Review 24 (3):181–99. doi:10.1111/corg.12158.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), examines cross-national corporate governance, within their “legal” category. It rests on the understanding that to fully grasp corporate governance it is essential to understand the embedded institutions. The research question is: Does an increase in legal quality cause an associated increase in the quality of corporate governance in the form of financial reports to investors? If so, this supports the fundamental importance of legal systems to earnings quality. Reliable evidence on whether there is an association between legal quality and financial reporting quality would be an empirical association showing that where legal quality is higher, earnings quality is also higher, and conversely.

Research Findings/Insights: The results show clearly that in 2005 and 2010, when adequate data are available for testing, earnings quality is poor: far more companies show small gains than small losses. A great deal of managerial discretion is exercised in arriving at accounting figures, since many amounts depend on forecasts of future events. A significant number of firms use that latitude to show positive earnings. As to patterns of earnings management among three clusters of countries, the small number of firms generally precludes strong statistically supported evidence of management within the clusters. Nevertheless, the whole is the sum of the parts, and the parts (clusters) indicate the clusters most responsible for the overall result. There is little evidence of small gains exceeding small losses in the Baltics, greater differences in the Visegrád countries, and big differences in southern Europe.

Theoretical/Academic Implications: Based on both (a) the historical background of legal systems and (b) attitudes concerning legal quality measured at the same time as the earnings measures, the accounting results are consistent with the prediction of a strong legal culture driving effective corporate governance.

Practitioner/Policy Implications: The results show that eastern firms, on aggregate, have yet to reach the level of their western counterparts. However, the differences do not seem highly significant, and indicate that convergence is close in this area. This, in turn, should guide and encourage legislators in their work.     

Disposition Effect and Tolerance to Losses in Stock Investment Decisions: An Experimental Study

This study aims to verify whether people tolerate losses within the self-established limit through an experimental methodological procedure. In addition, it aims to analyze the decision behavior in terms of the time they take to realize gains and losses, as a way to test the manifestation of the disposition effect. The experiment consists in decision to sell stock from 4 companies, 2 with potentially negative returns and 2 with positive returns. The participants demonstrated that they accept more losses than they had attested they would bear in advance and manifested the typical disposition effect, under which people sell the winning stock earlier than the losing stock. There was no difference between men and women in the manifestation of the disposition effect, and women performed worse because they had established lower bearable losses and higher required gains in advance.     

Fourier-analytic measures for heavy-tailed insurance losses

We propose a family of three ‘Fourier-analytic’ measures to extend the conventional concepts of standard deviation, variance, and coefficient of variation to insurance losses with arbitrarily heavy tails. After motivating and computing their mathematical forms, we apply the proposed measures to the case of Lévy-stable loss portfolios. Finally, the new measures are used to study the diversification properties of heavy-tailed losses.     

企业的利润结构与可持续增长 ——基于A股竞争性上市公司的经验证据

企业的可持续增长是社会经济可持续发展的基础,企业的可持续性增长能力与利润总额和利润构成密切相关.在新企业会计准则下,利润总额由核心利润、资产减值损失、公允价值变动损益、投资损益、营业外收支净额等五个部分构成,利润总额不同构成部分的来源不一样,稳定性和持久性也不一样.实证研究发现,盈利对企业增长的可持续性具有正面影响,利润总额的不同构成部分会对企业增长的可持续产生不同影响,利润结构可以提供有关企业可持续增长的增量信息,新企业会计准则下利润表项目的调整变化提高了利润表的信息含量.     

公允价值计量、资产价值变动与审计收费——基于2009—2012年沪深上市公司的经验证据

公允价值计量具有价值相关性,但也存在资产估价的风险性,这一会计估计风险对以风险成本为基础的审计定价及其变化至关重要。以后金融危机时期2009--2012年沪深上市公司的数据为样本,实证研究公允价值计量下的资产价值变动对审计收费的影响,结果显示：持有资产价值变动总体和公允价值变动损益、资产减值损失分项均显著正向影响审计收费,这表明持有资产价值变动幅度越大,审计收费越高;在持有资产价值变动总体正向影响审计收费的强度逐年显著增强的情况下,公允价值变动损益对审计收费正向影响的显著性提升,但是影响强度下降;资产减值损失对审计收费正向影响的强度和显著性均逐年提升,这表明审计收费蕴含公允价值估计风险和资产计价的公允性。     

The relationships between IFRS,earnings losses threshold and earnings management

An increasing number of countries have adopted International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Prior research indicates that IFRS increase the relevance of financial statements, but also increase opportunism in earnings management (EM). Despite this, no evidence is found in this study to demonstrate that the adoption of IFRS increases the use of EM by companies as a whole. Furthermore, the results indicate that the use of IFRS can enhance the neutrality of financial statements. However, these phenomena occur only in the case of firms with positive earnings. Therefore, if a firm faces earnings losses (ELOSS), the manager will often exhibit EM behaviour after implementing IFRS. Thus, when the firm has ELOSS and adopts IFRS, the situation that results will usually decrease the neutrality of financial statements. As for the management implications, these findings suggest that the government and regulator should implement more in-depth supervision to prevent the increased use of EM by managers following the adoption of IFRS.     

中国地震损失分布与巨灾债券定价研究

中国是世界上遭受地震灾害损失最严重的国家之一,需要借鉴国际巨灾债券运作经验,进一步发挥保险业分散巨灾风险和补偿经济损失的作用。利用非寿险精算技术,将损失风险与利率风险理论模型相结合,对中国地震巨灾债券定价进行实证研究。结果表明:中国地震巨灾损失服从损失次数为泊松分布、损失额度为对数正态分布的聚合损失分布,通过与BDT无风险利率期限结构模型的结合,可以初步构建地震巨灾债券的定价模型并付诸实践。     

我国粮食产后损失情况概述

本文系统分析了粮食产后各环节损失的原因及损失量,针对相关粮食损失原因及状况,提出了减少粮食产后损失的措施及建议,以期为我国实现节粮减损提供支持.