外来劳动力挤占了本地居民的就业机会吗??

城市就业包容性的提升是实现城镇化发展的重要内容,而异质外来移民对原有居民的就业机会将产生不同影响.文章运用动态监测数据,按劳动力的技能水平、所属行业和流入时期分析城市劳动力市场的就业包容性,衡量人力资本等因素在异质外来劳动力就业过程中的作用机制.研究发现：(1)总体而言,人力资本的差异性取代传统的行业壁垒已成为获取就业机会的主要因素.(2)进一步使用工具变量,对劳动力组群的就业决定模型进行估计发现,外来劳动力占比每上升10％,城市原有劳动力的就业率将下降0．04－1．99个百分点,表现为外来劳动力对城市原有低技能劳动力就业率的影响并不明显,但对高技能劳动力的就业率产生显著冲击,且此现象在部分高进入门槛行业尤为明显.(3)城市劳动力市场对不同时期流入的高技能组劳动力的包容性显著低于低技能组,高技能组劳动力之间存在更高的替代性.(4)与本地劳动力的就业率相比,新进入的外来劳动力对前期进入的外来劳动力的就业率的影响会更大,且这种影响同样会随着受教育程度的提高而递增.因此,在完善就业市场的同时,应在就业的前置和后置环节制定更有针对性的人才培养机制和引入措施.     

How Do Debit Cards Affect Cash Demand? Survey Data Evidence

This paper analyzes how EFT-POS payments and ATM withdrawals affect cash demand. In particular, survey data about Austrian individuals are employed to estimate a purse cash demand equation, which takes account of sample selection effects. The results reveal that purse cash demand is significantly and sizably affected by debit card usage and that there are significant differences in cash demand for individuals with different debit card usage frequencies. In addition, the effect of EFT-POS payments on cash use at the point-of-sale is discussed on the basis of data from a consumer transaction survey.     

Avoiding Mis-estimation of the CES Function: Unit Matters

ABSTRACT

We demonstrate that unit errors of measurement will lead to significant biases in estimating the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) function. Monte-Carlo simulations show that estimation results tend to reach Cobb–Douglas (CD) functions or extreme values if units of input variables are incorrectly used. To avoid this problem, we suggest adding an overall efficiency parameter and a unit correction parameter which is similar to biased technological change parameter when estimating CES functions. Any unit error of measurement can be captured by these two parameters while allowing researchers to get unbiased estimation results of other parameters.     

我国制造企业“服务增强”的实证研究及政策建议

通过"服务"增强制造企业竞争力、形成服务差异化竞争已成为全球化竞争和知识经济背景下我国制造企业的重要战略选择。本文在界定"制造企业服务增强"微观层面概念和阐述其表现形式的基础上,提出国内制造企业的服务增强具有明显的"质量弥补"特征;随后通过问卷调查获取国内制造业的大样本数据,针对基于要素替代的质量弥补以及服务差异化竞争对绩效的影响展开实证研究;最后,指出国内制造业服务增强存在的不足和问题,提出相应的对策建议。本文对企业管理实践者和政策制定者都有较强的启发意义。     

关于我国境外罂粟替代产业发展的思考

境外罂粟替代产业发展充分体现了我国以"互信、互利、平等、协作"的方式寻求共同安全和共同发展的开放战略,具有禁绝毒品危害、维护国家安全,补充国内产品供给、缓解国内资源约束,优化产业结构、促进经济发展等重要战略意义,其动力机制是政府"推动力"和企业"拉动力"的共同作用,因而应当采取"政府扶持,企业主导"的发展模式,充分发挥政府的作用和企业的作用,形成发展的合力是云南省境外罂粟替代产业良性发展的关键。     

对经济增长中科技进步范畴若干问题的思考

由于对科技进步范畴认识的含混不清,致使很多关于科技进步贡献测算的结果差异较大以及基于此测算所提出的政策建议没有太大价值。有鉴于此,文章就有关科技进步范畴认识上几个颇有争议的问题提出了新见解,以求对问题的解决提供一些参考。     

承接国际外包扩大了我国相对工资差距吗？

本文引入技术劳动与非技术劳动的替代弹性,以发展中国家为视角构建了外包影响工资差距的理论模型,认为承接生产价值链高端生产环节外包扩大了我国技术劳动与非技术劳动的相对工资差距。在此基础上,对我国21个省份1999—2008年工资差距进行面板数据计量分析,研究表明：承接全球价值链高端环节的外包、R＆D投入、高技术产品进出口、经济发展水平都会影响工资差距;而物质资本投入、FDI等不会扩大工资差距。为了促进产业升级、调整经济结构和缩小工资差距,应该更加重视对技术劳动要素的培育。     

融资约束、出口与R&D投资——中国出口的高速增长为何未带来经济转型?

本文分无融资约束和融资约束两种情况,讨论了企业出口和研发投资之间的互补效应和替代效应,并使用世界银行对中国企业投资环境的调查数据,实证检验了融资约束对出口与RD投资之间两种效应的影响程度。结果表明:融资约束抑制了出口与RD投资之间的相互促进作用,随着融资约束的增加,企业不能既出口又进行RD投资,只能二者择其一。这一微观企业层面的研究发现,折射了我国金融发展相对滞后是阻碍我国经济转型的一个重要原因,从微观层面解释了为何我国出口的高速增长没有带来经济转型。     

Inflation,growth, and distribution: The Brazilian economy after the post war

Abstract

Following Marglin and Bhaduri (1990 Marglin, S.A., and Bhaduri, A. “Profit Squeeze and Keynesian Theory.” In S.A. Marglin and J. Schor (eds.), The Golden Age of Capitalism. Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990. [Google Scholar]), the purpose of this paper is to investigate empirically the interaction between income distribution and growth of aggregate demand during the 1951–89 period in Brazil. Applying Hein and Vogel’s (2008) methodology we conclude that the Brazilian economy showed a profit-led demand regime. In a context of high inflation, high concentration of markets, and wage control, retained profits were the main source to finance new capital. In this sense, we found a large sensitivity of investment relative to the wage share, a result that is compatible with a consumption pattern based on high income, which supported the growth trend with low wages observed during the period.     

On-the-job human capital investment and intertemporal substitution: New evidence on intertemporal substitution elasticity

This paper argues that estimates of intertemporal elasticity of substitution (IES) obtained from standard life-cycle models are subject to a downward bias because they neglect the life-cycle and demographic patterns of on-the-job human capital investment. Taking into account the fact that part of a worker's time at work goes to acquiring human capital in addition to his main task of producing goods, we extend the standard life-cycle model to include time spent on investing in on-the-job human capital and propose a new framework for identifying the IES. We obtain statistically significant evidence that conventional estimates of IES for total hours at work are biased downward about 20% at the intensive margin. The corresponding IES estimates for production hours are biased downward even more, which provides an explanation for why output fluctuation is greater than hours/employment fluctuation over the business cycle.