金融支持低碳经济的路径研究

本文基于LMDI模型,首次将信贷与M2引入并作为影响二氧化碳排放的因素。结果表明：货币深化效应对二氧化碳排放具有显著的促进作用,信贷规模效应对二氧化碳排放的影响总体呈现正的促进作用。笔者建议通过优化信贷结构,发展绿色信贷,加快利率市场化进程,贯彻社会保障制度,促进金融自由化等政策来降低二氧化碳排放。     

The U.S. allowance trading system for sulfur dioxide: An update on market experience

In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed legislation that amended the Clean Air Act to create a new program to mitigate the effects of acid deposition in the U.S. through emission reductions of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) at electric utility plants across the country. The SO₂ reductions, totalling a 40% reduction nationally from 1980 levels or a 10 million ton reduction annually, are achieved largely through an emission trading system, the largest program of its kind designed to date. This trading system has the potential to save up to half of the compliance costs associated with more traditional source-by-source emission limit programs.This paper briefly discusses background on the acid rain issue in the United States, and the principal features of the program, including: a permanent cap on utility emissions of SO₂ beginning in 2010, decision to grant up-front allocation of emission credits to reduce individual approvals of trades, the use of continuous emission monitors and automatic penalties to ensure compliance, and integration of the Acid Rain program requirements with other Clean Air Act programs. The paper also discusses the development of the allowance trading market to date, including the types of compliance options chosen and quantity and type of emissions trading being conducted.The U.S. Government right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

纳米氧化钛纺织材料抗菌性能的研究

为观察不同含量纳米氧化钛纺织材料对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的抗菌性能,采用细菌生长的定性和定量抑制试验,测定不同含量的纳米氧化钛纺织材料对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923和大肠埃希菌ATCC25922的抑菌圈直径及抑菌率.结果表明,含0.5%、0.8%、1.5%的纳米氧化钛纺织材料对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923的抑菌圈直径分别为6.6mm、7.1mm和8.1mm,抑菌率则分别为75.13%、88.13%、93.57%;相同浓度的纳米氧化钛纺织材料对大肠埃希菌ATCC25922的抑菌圈直径则分别为6.3mm、6.5mm、7.2mm,抑菌率则为68.97%、73.57%、82.83%.由此得出,含量为0.8%、1.5%的纳米氧化钛纺织材料,对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923的抑菌作用明显大于大肠埃希菌ATCC25922(P<0.05).纳米氧化钛纺织材料对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌具有抗菌作用,且对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌作用更为显著.     

多孔SiO2-TiO2复合薄膜的制备及研究

在多孔TiO2-SiO2溶胶一凝胶体系中掺杂表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵CTAB,采用溶胶-凝胶技术,通过简单提拉迅速蒸发溶剂、后期热处理去除表面活性剂的方法制备出具有纳米结构的有机掺多孔TiO2-SiO2复合光学薄膜．利用红外光谱（IR）研究掺杂薄膜表面结构特征;用SEM观察薄膜表面形貌;紫外分光光度计UV—VIS—NIR研究不同实验条件下制备的复合薄膜吸收透过性的影响．     

Interfuel substitution effects of biofuel use on carbon dioxide emissions: evidence from the transportation sector

This study examines the interfuel substitution effects of biofuel use on carbon dioxide emissions in the U.S. transportation sector. First, the dynamic linear logit model is used to examine substitution possibilities between biofuels and non-biofuels. The results reveal that petroleum demand is the most inelastic with respect to changes in petroleum prices since the transportation sector depends heavily on the use of petroleum. In addition, ethanol serves as a substitute for petroleum, showing that the use of ethanol can reduce the dependence on petroleum when petroleum prices increase. The results also indicate that ethanol is a complement for natural gas, while natural gas is a substitute for petroleum. Second, the coefficients for carbon dioxide emissions are used to compute the potential amount of carbon dioxide associated with interfuel substitution. The results represent that price-induced interfuel substitution is a critical factor to predict biofuel-related carbon dioxide emissions.     

The impact of the UK aviation tax on carbon dioxide emissions and visitor numbers

We use a model of domestic and international tourist numbers and flows to estimate the impact of the recent and proposed changes in the Air Passenger Duty (APD) of the United Kingdom. We look at four different scenarios (abolishing the APD, keeping the 2001 APD level, the 2007 APD and the Conservative Party's “Green Miles” proposal) using base, high and very high elasticity levels as well as assumptions about the substitutability between domestic and international holidays and the effects of a carbon tax. We find that the recent doubling of the APD has the perverse effect of increasing carbon dioxide emissions, albeit only slightly, because it reduces the relative price difference between near and far holidays. Tourists arriving into the UK would fall slightly. The number of tourists travelling from the UK would fall in the countries near to the UK, and this drop would be only partly offset by displaced tourists from the UK. Tourists leaving the UK for countries further a field would increase. The proposal of the Conservative Party to exempt the first 2000 miles (for UK residents) would decrease emissions by roughly the same amount as abolishing the APD altogether—but the number of tourists arriving into the UK would not rise. These results are reversed if we assume that domestic holidays and foreign holidays are close substitutes. If the same revenue were raised with a carbon tax rather than a boarding tax, emissions would fall rather than rise.     

我国能源消耗和二氧化碳排放的历史特征研究

过去50年是全球气候变暖最显著的50年,全球气候变化已经成为国际社会最为关注的问题。我国是世界上最大的发展中国家,二氧化碳总排放量已经跃居世界第一,担负着减少二氧化碳排放,遏制全球气候变暖的重任。文章采用表观能耗估算法对我国大陆地区的历史能源消耗产生的二氧化碳排放清单进行了估算。研究结果显示,我国以煤为主的能源结构和经济发展优先的发展模式导致了我国巨大的二氧化碳排放量,虽然二氧化碳排放总量每年递增,但是单位GDP产生的二氧化碳排放强度却比较低,呈逐年递减的趋势,人均二氧化碳排放量水平相对发达国家也较低。文章研究结论为我国能源安全和生态环境的可持续发展提供了研究基础。     

Club convergence and clustering of U.S. energy-related CO2 emissions

This study examines the convergence of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions among a panel of U.S. states between the period 1960–2010. This examination is carried out by means of a two-stage procedure. In the first stage, we conduct an endogenous grouping, regression-based convergence test. Unlike previous studies, this methodology endogenously identifies groups of states with emissions that are converging to a similar steady state growth path over time. In the second stage, we evaluate the conditional rate of convergence for the whole sample and for each club using panel data, fixed effects models that control for unobserved, time-invariant heterogeneous effects. More specifically, we examine the rates of convergence conditional on certain structural and non-structural characteristics of the state economy. Results from stage one and stage two suggest that one group of twenty-six states is converging to a unique steady-state equilibrium, and otherwise, the remaining states are diverging. Finally, we discuss different policy approaches to mitigating carbon dioxide emissions based on the club convergence hypothesis.     

废干电池和钛白废酸制取锰锌铁氧体研究

我国每年报废上百万吨的废干电池，钛白工业也会产生大量的废硫酸，这不仅浪费了资源，还严重污染了环境。根据废干电池和钛白废硫酸的特点，本工艺研究用钛白废硫酸浸出废干电池，通过硫化、氧化加热、置换、水解、氟化等净化除杂后，采用共沉淀法制取锰锌铁氧体，产品初始磁导率达8000以上，杂质质量分数小于10-4。该工艺采取以废治废，废物中的主要成分不需相互分离即可制取高附加值的锰锌铁氧体，少量的杂质元素可通过净化脱除并进行处置。     

应用ASPEN PLUS模拟甲烷、二氧化碳制合成气反应

应用ASPENPLUS软件对甲烷、二氧化碳催化转化制合成气反应过程进行模拟,研究了温度、压力变化对反应结果的影响。结果表明,采用平衡反应器（REquil）可以很好地模拟甲烷、二氧化碳催化部分氧化过程。为开展甲烷、二氧化碳催化转化制备合成气的研究提供参数。