从劳动力供给与需求看我国“增长型失业”?

伴随着我国经济高速增长的是失业率的居高不下,以至出现了所谓的“增长型失业”。从劳动力的供给方面看,由于存在大量的农村剩余劳动力、国有企业改革、隐性失业的显性化、自愿失业以及高校盲目扩招,使劳动力供给未能适应经济转型的需要;从劳动力需求方面看,我国第二产业比重过高,而第三产业比重偏低,且产业结构的偏离度高,产业结构的扭曲导致就业吸纳能力降低。因此,我国的“增长型失业”实质是“结构性失业”,必须从劳动力供给和需求两方面采取多种措施：加快产业结构的调整优化,改变对二元经济转型和城镇化的片面理解,积极探索国有企业改革的新路子,改革当前高校人才培养机制与模式,并不断完善失业统计核算制度。     

性别工资差距、资本积累与人口转变

本文通过在内生人口增长模型中引入性别工资差距随资本积累的演化过程,为解释人口转变提出了新的机制。经济发展初期,性别歧视程度较高,资本积累提高女性生育成本的效应较小,人口随收入上升加速增长;当资本积累最终导致性别歧视程度降低时,女性生育成本提高将促使家庭更多的投资人力资本,生育率持续下降。如果生产中物质资本份额和体力劳动比重越高,或者家庭存在性别偏好,那么人口转变的持续时间越长,程度越低。     

The nutrition transition and the human right to adequate food for adolescents in the Cape Town metropolitan area: Implications for nutrition policy

Changes in diet and nutrition, along with other lifestyle changes during the last decades, have affected the nutrition-related disease profile in many developing countries. This phenomenon, or process, is known as ‘The Nutrition Transition’. Several studies on adolescents in South Africa have shown that overweight and obesity are increasing, possibly due to this process. The aim of the present study was to extend our knowledge on the nutrition transition and the factors that influence adolescents’ choice of food in South Africa, and to develop policy recommendations that could facilitate the adolescents’ right to adequate food as laid down in the South African Constitutional Bill of Rights. The data were collected through focus groups with 25 female learners (grade 10, 14–16 years) from urban public schools in Cape Town and key informant interviews with 10 school staff members. The most important nutritional concerns that emerged from the analyses, included skipping breakfast and the consumption of unhealthy tuck shop food. In terms of the human right to adequate food, these findings reflected lack of availability and access to adequate food within the household, at schools, and in the community. In addition, the study showed that there were no or few opportunities for physical activity for adolescents during and after school hours. Social factors, including social norms and a need to conform to peer group pressure, appeared to affect the behaviour of learners considerably. Traditional foods appeared to have lost their importance, while learners preferred to consume fast foods and to adopt a more westernised diet connected to affluence and social acceptance. Traditional and more “Western” body perceptions co-existed among the study participants. The nutrition transition in South Africa is of a complex nature because of large differences that exist amongst different ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Policy decisions should be based on an understanding of these diverse factors. The media and the food industry should be encouraged to work with government in influencing adolescents to make healthy food choices. Cultural perceptions which may lead to unhealthy choices and lifestyle need to be addressed while at the same time respecting people’s cultural pride and human dignity. It is recommended that human rights principles are used purposively in the future in policy formulations, interventions, evaluation and monitoring.     

论政府管制研究从公共利益论到租金分析范式的转换

政府干预的公共利益理论存在将应然命题先验地当做实然命题处理的缺陷。政府"应该是",但不必然"是"公共利益最大化者。对于新古典经济学公共利益理论的学理困境、新政治经济学租金分析范式对政府微观干预研究的意义,应予以分析与讨论。对政府管制的研究不可避免地要回答规范性问题,而最有说服力的回答不在于讨论价值观,而是分析管制可能导致的变化对公共利益的影响。租金分析是一个能最大限度地规避争论的研究方法。     

当代环境文化建设的理论变革及其发展趋势

人类的环境文化表征着人与自然之间相互关系变迁的整个过程。面对近现代以来被扭曲和异化的环境文化,当代环境文化正在进行理论变革。必须全面推进可持续发展战略,转变工业生产方式、经济增长模式和人们生活方式,从而建立起人与自然协同进化、促进环境公平和实现生态现代化的当代新型环境文化。     

基于低碳技术创新的我国酒店业转型升级发展战略与运营机制研究

低碳技术创新是低碳经济发展的关键与核心,分析了低碳技术创新与我国酒店业转型升级的辨析关系,阐述了基于低碳技术创新的我国酒店业转型升级的战略思想、战略目标和战略阶段,并探究了转型升级的机制。     

FDI强度与珠三角装备制造业低碳化转型发展——基于投入产出与面板数据的实证研究

当前,外商直接投资在珠三角装备制造业发展中的作用越来越不容忽视。在此背景下,我们利用虚拟变量最小二乘法对珠三角九市装备制造业进行面板数据分析,结果显示不同来源地的外资进入强度对珠三角装备制造业低碳化发展的核心参量碳生产力产生了不同方向的影响。其中,FDI总体和海外华资对珠三角装备制造业碳生产力具有明显的负向影响,而外商投资虽然对碳生产力具有正向影响,但显著程度较弱。     

我国货代企业向第三方物流企业转型——一个值得商榷的问题

我国国际货代企业向第三方物流转型观点有四种缘由,同时我国国际货代企业向第三方物流转型制约因素包括:企业规模偏小、缺乏专门人才、市场秩序不规范、后危机时代世界经济形势变数大等。提出了当前我国货代业应加强调控自律,健全市场机制、提高服务质量,创建特色品牌、摆正自身位置,实施集中化战略、整合服务网络,构筑虚拟企业、注重人才培养,建设人才队伍等经营对策。     

浙江省纺织产业集群的生命周期——基于TOPSIS评价方法

构建了集群变迁诱因及特征变化趋势的演化路径图,并利用TOPSIS评价方法分析了浙江纺织业中小企业集群的变迁诱因及其特征变化,发现浙江纺织业中小企业集群处于生命周期的成熟阶段。研究结果表明,为防止集群从成熟向衰退发展,必须采取中观政策干预,激发新的诱因和特征转变,从而改变集群发展轨迹。     

红色战略还是灰色战略——针对我国制度转型中企业战略迷失的实证研究

我国制造业公司目前陷入了战略迷失:在重视市场的红色战略和利用正式制度漏洞来寻租的灰色战略两者之间应该选择哪一个?基于我国的制度转型情境,我们采用战略均衡三角理论,通过我国制造业所有上市公司2000—2010年15620个公司年的数据,研究了近十年制度转型过程中企业战略迷失问题的形成以及作用机制。研究表明,政府不正确的、过度的干预,不仅会影响企业行为的获利回报,而且会导致企业战略行为选择的错位。同时指出,在战略均衡的三角中,制度观视角比产业观、资源观视角更能够解释我国企业的战略行为,且与后两者属于不同维度。本研究加深了人们对我国企业关系型战略、战略与商务模式匹配、政府角色等问题的理解。