菌业循环模式促进农业废弃物资源的高效利用

我国是农业生产大国,农业废弃物资源丰富,为食用菌产业发展提供了充足的生产原料。近年来 随着我国食用菌产业快速发展,食用菌菌渣随之大量产生。文章根据循环农业的理念和食用菌产业的特 点,重点分析食用菌对农林废弃物利用和食用菌菌渣的循环利用潜力,并提出建立以食用菌产业为纽带的 6种菌业循环模式,以促进农业资源高效循环利用和食用菌产业可持续发展。     

Protectionism indices for non-tariff measures: An application to maximum residue levels

We propose aggregation indices of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) to quantify their protectionism relative to international standards of stringency. We apply the indices to national Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) regulations on pesticides and veterinary drugs affecting agricultural and food trade and using a science-based criteria embodied in Codex Alimentarius international standards. The approach links two streams of the NTM literature, one concerned with the aggregation of various NTMs into operational indices for econometric and modeling purposes, and the other attempting to evaluate the protectionism of NTMs. The data used in the application come from a large international dataset on veterinary and pesticide MRLs and CODEX MRL standards for a large set of countries.