Phosphorus Inputs to Lake Simcoe from 1990 to 2003: Declines in Tributary Loads and Observations on Lake Water Quality

Total phosphorus (TP) inputs to Lake Simcoe have led to hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion and loss of cold water fish habitat. Since 1990, efforts have been made to reduce the total TP input to the lake below a defined target of 75 t/year, which was predicted to lead to reductions in spring TP concentration and improvements in end-of-summer hypolimnetic DO concentrations. The total TP load to the lake during the most recent period of record (1998/99-2003/04) ranged from 53 to 76 t/yr and averaged 67 t/yr, compared to an average of 114 t/yr estimated between 1990/91 and 1997/98 (range 85-157 t/yr). Reductions in TP loads from the catchment via tributary discharge (∼26 t) accounted for the majority of the decrease in total load between the two time periods. Total P concentrations decreased significantly in four out of six long-term monitored tributaries; however, concentrations in all six tributaries remain above the level recommended to avoid nuisance plant growth (30 μg/L). Although TP loads to the lake are currently below the target 75 t/yr, excessive growths of filamentous algae and macrophytes continue to be a problem in the nearshore zone. End-of-summer minimum hypolimnetic DO concentrations (average 4.3 mg/L, 1998/99-2003/04) remain substantially below the level (7 mg/L) that is considered protective of lake trout. Efforts to reduce TP loads to the lake therefore need to continue.     

Variations in Spectral Slope in Lake Taihu,a Large Subtropical Shallow Lake in China

Spectral slope (S), describing the exponential decrease of the absorption spectrum over a given wavelength range, is an important parameter in the study of of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) dynamics, and also an essential input parameter in remote sensing models. Furthermore, S is often used as a proxy for CDOM composition, including the ratio of fulvic to humic acids and molecular weight. The relative broad range in S values reported in the literature can be explained by the different spectral ranges and fitting methods used. A single exponential model is used to fit the S values for 17 investigations involving 458 samples in Lake Taihu from January to October in 2004. The average S value was 15.18 ± 1.39 μm⁻¹ for the range of 280–500 nm, which fell within the range reported in the literature. The frequency distribution of S value basically obeyed a normal distribution. Significant differences in S values between summer and other seasons showed that phytoplankton degradation was one of the important sources of CDOM in summer, whereas CDOM mainly came from the river input in other seasons. Furthermore, the estimated S value decreased with increasing wavelength range used in regression. The maximum and minimum values derived from the regression were 17.89 ± 1.25 μm⁻¹ and 13.62 ± 2.11 μm⁻¹ for the wavelength ranges of 280–380 nm and 400–500 nm, respectively, a decrease of 23.9%. S values significantly decreased with the increase of CDOM absorption coefficients. CDOM absorption coefficients could be more appropriately estimated from exponential model introducing the variation of S with absorption coefficients, making them useful for a remote sensing bio-optical model of Lake Taihu. DOC-specific absorption coefficient a*(λ) and the parameter M describing molecular size of the humic molecules could also be used as a proxy for the sources and types of CDOM. A general relationship was found between S and a*(λ), and M values. S increased with the decrease of DOC-specific absorption coefficient and the increase of M corresponding to the decrease of molecular weight.     

Internal-corrosion inhibitors for pipelines in heat-supply systems carrying water with a high oxygen content

The reliability of heat-supply systems is determined primarily by internal corrosion of the pipelines. The concentration of oxygen in the water exerts a major influence on the corrosion. In systems with a standard oxygen content, OéDF-Zn is a highly effective corrosion inhibitor. However, there are systems in which the quality of deaeration of the make-up water of the heat-supply system is low (or deaeration is nonexistent), and the concentration of oxygen is considerably above the standard value. Classed among these systems, for example, are the HWS systems, which are incorporated into closed heat-supply systems. The oxygen concentration in these systems is analyzed to assess the situation. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 6, June 2007, pp. 35–39.     

Restoration of small lakes through cooperative management: A suitable strategy for poverty‐laden areas in developing countries?

Lake Rupa is a small, subtropical, shallow lake with a surface area of 100 ha situated 600 m a.s.l. in Central Himalaya, Nepal. This degraded lake was studied between 2000 and 2006, with the goal of determining whether or not it could be restored by a community‐based cooperative of local people living in its catchment. Main threats to the lake, its aquatic life and its very existence include encroachment by excessive aquatic vegetation, sedimentation, and low in‐lake concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO). Small lakes (≤ 500 ha) are relatively prone to the process of ‘succession and climax’, although they also can be of social, environmental and ecological importance. Thus, their disappearance could spark social chaos and disorder in areas already having to cope with other rapid environmental changes. This means that credible mechanisms for revitalizing or protecting small lakes are an important goal. Accordingly, a lake cooperative of 329 households living in close vicinity to Lake Rupa was formed in 2002, by prioritizing traditional fishers, women and other deprived community members with the goals of respecting the citizenry and equity. Following the cooperative's campaigns directed at weed removal and fish stocking, encroachment of vegetation on the lake margins was halted, its aquatic weeds became under control, and its fisheries improved. In addition to the cooperative's restoration activities, several water quality parameters, including water transparency and DO and chlorophyll‐a concentrations, were monitored on a monthly basis. The measured water transparency was inconsistent, exhibiting large variations between 2000 and 2003. Relatively low, but consistent, values, however, were measured after 2004. The results imply that the removal of weeds, and sufficient nutrients and solar radiation are subsequently available to the lake's phytoplankton communities. Supporting this notion is that the chlorophyll‐a concentration spiked to 205 µg L⁻¹ in November 2006, the water transparency became consistent, and the DO concentration increased to >3.8 mg L⁻¹ during the critical months (March–May) after 2004. These water quality indicators indicated improvement in the degraded Lake Rupa, suggesting that the establishment of cooperatives such as that highlighted in this study could be a powerful and sustainable mechanism for restoring degraded lakes in similar socioeconomic settings by maintaining equity, by connecting communities with their resources, and by facilitating integrity, equity, citizenry and social justice.     

纯氧曝气的研究进展

介绍了纯氧曝气的生化机理、应用领域、供氧方式、污泥性能等以及它与普通空气曝气相比在技术、经济方面显示出的优越性。随着纯氧曝气的发展和国家新标准增加了脱氮除磷方面的排放要求，使得纯氧曝气在城市污水处理老厂的改造和新厂的建设中具有很好的前昔。     

Variability of light absorption properties in optically complex inland waters of Lake Chaohu,China

Absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, colored detrital matter (CDM), non-algal particles (NAP), colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and their relative contributions to total non-water absorption (a_t ? w) are essential variables for bio-optical and radiative transfer models. Light absorption properties showed large range and variability sampled at 194 stations throughout Lake Chaohu between May 2013 and April 2015. The a_t ? w was dominated by phytoplankton absorption (a_ph) and NAP absorption (a_d). The contribution of CDOM absorption to a_t ? w was lower than 30%. Phytoplankton and NAP were the primary sources of spatial and vertical variability in absorption properties. Light absorption by CDOM, though significant in magnitude, was relatively constant. CDM absorption (a_dg) was dominated by NAP. The spatial variation of the absorption coefficients from each of the optically active constituents were driven by several main inflow rivers in the western and middle part of Lake Chaohu. Algal blooms and bottom resuspension contributed to vertical variability as observed by phytoplankton and NAP profiles. Specific absorption of phytoplankton had significant spatial and seasonal variations without vertical variation. The spectral slope of absorption showed no significant spatial variability (p > 0.05). Variations of absorption affected different ranges of remote sensing reflectance (R_rs) spectrum, thereby increasing the difficulty of applying the remote sensing algorithm in optically complex waters. Parameters and relationships presented in this study provide useful information for bio-optical models and remote sensing of lakes similar to Lake Chaohu in terms of optical properties.     

势能增氧生态净化工艺在高浓度有机废水处理中的应用

比较污水处理好氧工艺生物转盘法和滴滤池法的优缺点,并结合两种废水处理方法的优点,设计新的工艺——势能增氧生态净化工艺,对南京市腊梅食品厂高浓度有机废水进行处理。结果表明,势能增氧生态净化工艺设计简单,不需鼓风曝气,污水进入废水处理系统后出水即达到所要求的水质标准,且全部自控管理,具有废水处理效果佳、运行费用低的特点。     

风速对过饱和总溶解气体释放速率的影响

通过不同风速下的过饱和总溶解气体(TDG)室内释放试验,研究风速对过饱和TDG释放过程的影响,并根据已有释放模型对释放系数进行估算,建立了过饱和TDG释放系数与风速的定量关系式。结果表明在8.5~9.5℃条件下,风速较小时,水体中过饱和TDG释放相当缓慢,随着风速的增大,过饱和TDG的释放速率显著增大;在无风工况下,TDG释放系数为0.005 42 h-1;当风速为1.08~11.33 m/s时,TDG释放系数为0.007 09~0.066 68 h-1;相对释放系数为1~12.303,拟合的相对释放系数与风速的定量关系式计算偏差在-11.76%~10.21%之间。     

淮河流域水质污染时空变异特征分析

选取淮河流域的82个水质监测站,对各站点的1986—2005年水质监测数据进行统计分析,探讨了全流域内水体污染物浓度变化的时空变异特征,为淮河流域水污染治理、水环境保护以及生态修复提供依据。采用时间序列法分析水体污染物浓度的时间变化规律,应用Mann-Kendall检验法对流域范围内水体污染物浓度变化趋势进行了分析。研究结果表明,淮河流域水质变化主要受到入河排污量、上游来水量、闸坝调控方式以及气候条件等方面因素的影响。蚌埠站的水体污染物浓度多年变化规律表明,1995年是水体污染物浓度变化的转折点,1995年前水体污染物浓度不断恶化,1995年后水体污染物浓度逐渐好转。DO浓度的年内变化主要受到水温的影响,表现为冬季浓度高于夏季浓度;CODMn浓度同时受到闸坝调控方式以及区域来水量的影响,汛期浓度低于非汛期。从全流域的水体污染物浓度变化规律看,有机污染物浓度呈显著上升趋势的河段主要分布在淮北支流上,说明在20世纪90年代后期,虽然流域进入相对丰水期以及进行了大规模的水污染联防工作,淮河流域水质污染得到了一定程度的改善。但在2000年后,随着流域内入河污水量和污染物排放量的增加,淮河流域的水质污染依然严重。     

全断面混凝土衬砌钢模台车的应用

羊湖电站引水隧洞总长５８８３ｍ,为φ２．５ｍ的圆形有压隧洞,全线采用钢筋混凝土衬砌。施工区空气稀薄,严重缺氧,气候寒冷。混凝土衬砌采用φ２．５ｍ全断面钢模台车进行,混凝土由洞外拌和系统拌和,有轨运输进洞,混凝土泵送入仓。全断面钢模台车由钢模、台车和外部支撑三部份组成,钢模的构成方式为“三铰两缝式”。本文介绍了羊湖水站引水隧洞混凝土衬砌中应用φ２．５ｍ全断面钢模台车的使用情况和施工方法。