长江保护与利用面临的水问题及其对策思考

目前长江流域已基本形成了水资源综合利用与综合防灾减灾体系,也初步构建了水环境改善与水生态保护治理框架;但面对新时期长江大保护和长江经济带高质量发展的新要求,还存在一些不足。深入剖析了当前存在的水资源用水方式粗放、废污水排放严重、水生生物多样性下降、局部洪旱灾害频发等问题及其特征,并基于流域水系统的整体性、系统性以及内在规律,探讨长江流域水环境恶化、水生态损害、水资源短缺与水旱灾害等“四水问题”的应对策略以及协同治理方式。     

金沙江下游梯级水库汛期分期及汛限水位合理性研究

汛期分期以及分期汛限水位的合理确定,能够较好地协调水库防洪效益与发电效益之间的矛盾,对充分发挥水库的防洪、发电能力,以及提高汛期洪水资源利用率具有重要意义。基于改进的模糊集分析方法并依据金沙江下游乌东德、白鹤滩、溪洛渡、向家坝4个梯级水库入库洪水对其汛期进行分期,通过隶属度与防洪库容的映射关系确定梯级水库分期汛限水位,提出利用跨期选样法对分期结果及汛限水位进行修正。研究结果表明:金沙江下游梯级水库前汛期为6月1日—7月14日,主汛期为7月15日—9月16日,后汛期为9月17日—10月24日,4个梯级水库合理汛限水位分别为962,800,575,374 m。通过不同典型洪水放大的洪水过程检验了分期汛限水位的合理性。研究得到的金沙江下游梯级分期结果及各库分期汛限水位,均能够在满足防洪安全的前提下提高水库发电等经济效益,在一定程度上提高了汛期洪水资源的利用率。     

长江源区浮游植物群落特征与水环境因子关系研究

为研究长江源头区域河流浮游植物群落结构与水环境因子的关系,于2017年5,8,9月份和2018年5,7,9月份在长江源区进行调查分析,并对浮游植物及水环境因子进行了Pearson相关性分析和典范排序分析。结果表明,共发现浮游植物6门79种,以硅藻门和蓝藻门为主。各采样点浮游植物平均密度71.66×10⁴ ind./L。典范分析表明,温度、化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总氮、溶解氧是影响长江源区河流浮游植物群落结构的主要因子。研究成果有助于了解长江源头地区浮游植物群落特征,为三江源生态保护提供数据支撑。     

奎屯河流域健康评价

以新疆典型的干旱内陆河流域--奎屯河流域为研究对象,在确定流域健康评价时空尺度的基础上,提出涵盖流域水资源健康、涉水生态环境健康、社会经济健康的评价指标体系,构建基于组合赋权与协调发展度的流域健康评价模型。结果表明:现状年(2015年)处于亚健康状态的分区有:子区1、子区2、子区3、子区6,综合评价指数分别为:0.419、0.404、0.408、0.401,协调发展类型为临界协调发展;处于不健康状态的分区有:子区4和子区5,综合评价指数为0.358和0.343,协调发展类型属于中度不协调衰退型。     

基于Landsat遥感影像的黄河三角洲东营段海岸线变化分析

基于Landsat遥感影像数据,利用平均高潮线法提取了1986—2015年的海岸线,运用GIS技术分析了黄河三角洲东营段面积的淤蚀变化、海岸线迁移特征及其时空变化规律,以及淤蚀变化与入海水沙的关系。结果表明:1986—1997年黄河三角洲东营段处于持续蚀退状态,蚀退面积约为180 km~2;1997—2006年淤积后面积相对稳定,2006年面积和1986年相差不大;自2008年开始呈现轻微蚀退状态;蚀退速率和淤积速率最快的时段分别为2011—2013年和1997—1999年。海岸线时空变化特征显著,黄河入海口段变化最为剧烈,海岸线方向和形态不断变化,向海延伸;东营港及邻近岸段区域面积基本稳定;刁口段、莱州湾岸段年间淤进和蚀退交替进行,总体上均处于蚀退状态。黄河三角洲东营段海岸线变化主要受黄河流路变化、入海水沙和海水侵蚀的影响,黄河调水调沙工程的长期实施对于近年来河口海岸线的变迁具有深刻影响。     

中亚瓦赫什河上游源区气候水文要素演变特征

为研究全球变化背景下中亚河流源区气候水文变化,基于中亚跨境河流瓦赫什河上游源区1955—2017年气象水文数据,分析了流域内气候水文要素演变特征及流量变化主要控制因子。结果表明:瓦赫什河上游源区近1955—2017年气候呈现暖湿化趋势;瓦赫什河上游源区气温在1994年发生突变现象,降水在2007年与2012年发生突变现象,流量则在2003年发生突变现象;小波分析显示瓦赫什河上游流域气温、降水、流量的第一主周期分别为28 a、20 a、28 a,周期性振荡明显;瓦赫什河上游源区在气候水文要素关联上,气温与流量变化相较于降水紧密,但受全球升温停滞影响,温度对于流量作用并没有持续增强。     

基于雪岭云杉树轮的阿克苏河干流冬季径流重建

基于阿克苏河上游高山区采集的雪岭云杉树轮样芯构建了雪岭云杉树轮宽度年表,结合阿克苏河干流径流数据解析了雪岭云杉长期生长与阿克苏河干流径流关系,并重建了阿克苏河干流1813—2015年冬季径流序列。结果表明:利用雪岭云杉树轮宽度年表重建的阿克苏河干流1813—2015年冬季径流序列模拟值与实测值吻合度较高,重建径流序列稳定可靠;1813—2015年阿克苏河干流冬季多年平均流量为82.19 m~3/s,共出现5次持续丰水期和3次持续枯水期,最长的枯水段持续17年(1943—1959年);阿克苏河干流冬季径流变化存在51 a、29 a、16 a周期,第一主周期为51 a。     

甬江感潮河流上下游码头群对河道行洪的联合影响

为分析甬江上下游码头群对河道行洪的联合影响,基于Delft3D数学模型开展了典型潮洪条件下甬江上下游不同码头群对河道水流特性的影响研究,结果表明:单段码头群位置距河口越远,或码头分布越密集,引起的水位壅高程度越大;在不同码头群共同产生壅水影响的区域,全河段码头群引起的河道洪水位变化比各码头群单独影响时增大,在不同码头群产生水位壅高和降低影响的河段,全河段码头群作用下水位影响部分相抵,但由于降低幅度小于壅高幅度,河道洪水位变化仍呈增大状态;码头群工程局部流速减少区域和外侧河道流速增加区域均呈带状分布,全河段码头群联合作用加剧了单段码头群引起的河道流速的变化且流速减小程度较流速增加程度大。     

Influence of a high‐head dam as a dispersal barrier to fish community structure of the Upper Mississippi River

In river systems, high‐head dams may increase the distance‐decay of fish community similarity by creating nearly impermeable dispersal barriers to certain species from upstream reaches. Substantial evidence suggests that migratory species are impacted by dams, and most previous studies in stream/river networks have focused on small streams and headwaters. Here, we assess whether a high‐head dam (Lock and Dam 19; LD 19) on a large river, the Upper Mississippi River (UMR), substantially alters fish community structure relative to variability expected to occur independent of the dam's effect as a fish dispersal barrier. Using fish catch per unit effort data, we modelled the distance‐decay function for the UMR fish community and then estimated the similarity that would be expected to occur across LD19 and compared it with measured similarity. Measured similarity in the fish community above and below LD19 was close to the expected value based on the distance‐decay function, suggesting LD19 does not create an abrupt transition in the fish community. Although some migratory fish species no longer occur above LD19 (e.g., skipjack herring, Alosa chrysochloris), these species do not occur in high abundance below the dam and so do not drive variation in fish community structure. Instead, much of the variation in species structure is driven by the loss/gain of species across the latitudinal gradient. Lock and Dam 19 does not appear to be a clear transition point in the river's fish community, although it may function as a meaningful barrier for particular species (e.g., invasive species) and warrant future attention from a management perspective.     

A customised approach to determining the geomorphic effectiveness of small flood events in a regulated river

The construction of dams significantly alters flow and sediment regimes with subsequent deleterious effects on the morphological and ecological character of rivers. Effective experimental floods can ameliorate the downstream geomorphic impacts of dams. The traditional view is that large floods are required to perform effective geomorphic work, and the geomorphic outcomes of small floods are often overlooked. Many river restoration frameworks do not consider small floods. Yet, there is evidence that the hydrological characteristics that ameliorate specific geomorphic impacts in a river are unique to each river, and a customised approach to setting the right mix of floods (including small experimental floods) is needed. In this study, we modify an existing flood effectiveness model developed for large floods, for determining the geomorphic effectiveness of small floods in a highly regulated Australian river. Two flood classes were added to the model (medium peak stream power and moderate total energy expenditure), and the flood power characteristics were rescaled to reflect the relative difference in the magnitude of the small floods and the magnitude of the geomorphic work performed. Using a step‐wise approach, this customised model determined the geomorphic effectiveness of small floods. The best flood for ameliorating the geomorphic impacts of flow regulation had medium to long duration (10 to 51 days), high peak unit stream power (77 to 123 Wm^?2) and moderate to large total energy expenditure (78,600 to 342,320 × 10³ J). This approach to determining flood effectiveness for small floods is applicable to other geomorphically impacted river channels downstream of dams and can be used to inform experimental flood releases for geomorphic outcomes.