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黑河干流中游地区耗水量变化的历史分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
黑河流域水资源极其匮乏,加之地区上的配置不均衡和中游地区水土资源的过度开发,导致黑河下游出现了严重的生态环境问题,已影响到我国北方广大地区生态环境质量,受到国家的高度重视和全社会的广泛关注。黑河水资源开发利用主要集中在中游地区,该区是全国重要的商品粮、蔬菜和经济作物生产基地之一,耗水量占流域耗水量的85%以上,是黑河的主要耗水区和径流利用区。利用黑河上游控制站莺落峡站和中游控制站正义峡站水文资料,分析了黑河中游耗水量的变化,结果表明:20世纪80年代以前黑河中游耗水量在4.4亿m^3左右,比较稳定;进入20世纪80年代以后,耗水量明显增加,80年代耗水量比70年代以前增加了1.97亿-2.49亿m^3;90年代耗水量又比80年代增加了1.64亿m^3左右;80年代以来流域耗水量呈明显增加的趋势,这是以人类活动影响为主的结果。 相似文献
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鄱阳湖水质状况分析与评价 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖,其水质现状为人们普遍关心的问题。通过对1980年1月至1988年12月水质资料的搜集整理,对鄱阳湖水质的时空分布规律进行分析。作出的结论是:鄱阳湖虽已受到污染,但其水质总体情况尚属良好,在全国淡水湖泊中属最好的湖泊之一,应予特别珍惜、保护。 相似文献
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Sandra L. McLellan Erika J. HollisMorgan M. Depas Meredith Van DykeJosh Harris Caitlin O. Scopel 《Journal of Great Lakes research》2007,33(3):566-580
Escherichia coli distribution and persistence in nearshore Lake Michigan were assessed following heavy rains and sanitary sewer overflow (SSO) and combined sewer overflow (CSO) events over a 5-year period, including an 18-day period following 25.4 cm of rainfall in which intensive studies were conducted following multiple CSO and SSO events. E. coli levels in the Milwaukee estuary and harbor following SSO and CSO events ranged from 104 to nearly 105 CFU/100 mL, which were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than levels following rainfall alone. Sites outside of the breakwall but within the contamination plume (e.g., within 2 km of the harbor) were an order of magnitude lower. Locations 2–5 km from the harbor ranged from below detection limits, of < 1 to 5 CFU/100 mL. E. coli levels corrected for dilution based on specific conductivity measurements were lower than what would be expected for loss due to dilution alone, suggesting a combination of die-off and dilution, were responsible for the rapid disappearance of these organisms outside of the harbor. E. coli and fecal coliforms measured concurrently demonstrated that fecal coliforms could be recovered longer than E. coli in the open waters of the lake. E. coli isolated directly from sewage treatment plant influent were found to have a marked increase in antibiotic resistance traits for ten antibiotics commonly used in the human population compared with isolates from two animal sources of fecal pollution. However, E. coli obtained from sewage impacted water (n = 2,513) and from stormwater impacted water (n = 1,465) collected the previous year when there were no sewage overflows, were found to have no significant difference (p < 0.05) in the frequency of resistance when comparing the two conditions. E. coli survival characteristics and population dynamics are most likely influenced by multiple factors in complex systems such as the watershed/estuarine/lake environments of the Great Lakes. 相似文献
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James M. Watkins Ronald Dermott Stephen J. Lozano Edward L. Mills Lars G. Rudstam Jill V. Scharold 《Journal of Great Lakes research》2007,33(3):642-657
The status of invasive dreissenid mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and D. bugensis) and native amphipods (Diporeia spp.) in Lake Ontario was assessed in 2003 and compared with historical data. D. polymorpha (zebra mussels) were rarely observed in 2003, having been displaced by D. bugensis (quagga mussels). D. bugensis expanded its depth range from 38 m depth in 1995 to 174 m in 2003 and this dreissenid reached densities averaging 8,000/m2 at all sites < 90 m. During the same time period, Diporeia populations almost completely disappeared from 0–90 m depth, continuing a declining trend from 1994–1997 reported in previous studies. The average density of Diporeia in the 30–90 m depth interval decreased from 1,380/m2 to 63/m2 between 1997 and 2003. Prior to 2003, areas deeper than 90 m represented a refuge for Diporeia, but even these deep populations decreased, with densities declining from 2,181/m2 in 1999 to 545/m2 in 2003. Two common hypotheses for the decline of Diporeia in the Great Lakes are food limitation and a toxin/pathogen associated with dreissenid pseudofeces. The Diporeia decline in deep waters preceded the expansion of D. bugensis to these depths, and suggests that shallow dreissenid populations remotely influence profundal habitats. This pattern of decline is consistent with mechanisms that act from some distance including nearshore dreissenid grazing and downslope transport of pseudofeces. 相似文献
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大禹渡扬水工程枢纽沉沙池是解决枢纽二级站水泵磨损及灌区渠道淤积的关键工程。现沉沙池沉沙效率低下,严重制约了灌溉效益的发挥。本文从沉沙池的建造历史、工程地质、池身结构、泥沙淤积等方面对沉沙池存在的问题进行了综合分析。 相似文献
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LeAnn Southward Hogan Elizabeth Marschall Carol Folt Roy A. Stein 《Journal of Great Lakes research》2007,33(1):46-61
Lake Erie's food web has been dramatically modified by exotic species. Both exotic dreissenid mussels and the round goby Neogobius melanastomus have shifted the food web from a pelagicbased to a benthic-based one, potentially creating a new pathway for contaminant transfer to top predators. Before the invasion of round gobies, few predators of dreissenids occurred in Lake Erie, allowing contaminants to be confined to these benthic organisms. The invasion of the round goby has produced a new pathway through which these contaminants can enter the food web. To characterize heavy-metal transfer through this new food web and to assess risk to humans, water, surficial sediment, dreissenid, round goby, and smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui samples were collected at three sites during summers, 2002 and 2003, and analyzed for total lead (Pb), total mercury (Hg), and methyl mercury (MeHg). In addition, we compared smallmouth bass Pb and Hg concentrations to those measured in 1993/1994, before round gobies were prevalent. Pb biodiminished and MeHg biomagnified through the food web to smallmouth bass; patterns were similar among our three sites. Total Pb concentrations in smallmouth bass were higher before the incorporation of round gobies into their diet. We attributed this decline to changes in food web structure, changes in contaminant burdens in prey, or declines in sediment Pb concentrations in Lake Erie. By comparison, Hg concentrations in smallmouth bass changed little, before and after the round goby invasion, possibly due to a shift in diet that increased growth. Despite a decline in sediment Hg concentrations in Lake Erie, smallmouth bass continued to accumulate Hg at historical rates possibly because of their high consumption rates of benthivorous round gobies. As smallmouth bass continue to consume round gobies during their lives, their Hg concentrations may well continue to increase, potentially increasing the risk of Hg contamination to humans. 相似文献
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Steven B. Kuzyk Alexander O. Pritchard Jocelyn Plouffe John L. Sorensen Vladimir Yurkov 《Journal of Great Lakes research》2021,47(3):715-724
Violet and purple bacterial pigmentations are uncommon when considering strict aerobes. Here we report discovery of two novel isolates, P102 and P117 from the freshwater Lake Winnipeg, each with violet to deep purple colony colouration. The relationship between pigment production and growth was investigated under different conditions, including a variety of carbon sources, pH, and temperatures. The violet compounds were purified using polar organic solvents, and then structurally characterized via mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance to be violacein and deoxyviolacein. Strain P117 produced higher concentrations of the darker pigment deoxyviolacein, which resulted in a deeper hue of violet than in cultures of P102. Strain P102, synthesized violacein maximally in liquid rich organic medium at pH 8 and 20 °C, and had 99.3% sequence similarity to the 16S rDNA from Janthinobacterium lividum. Strain P117, related to Massilia violaceinigra sharing 99.2% 16S rDNA sequence similarity, also produced violacein at similar optimal conditions, but developed higher concentrations of pigment at 15 °C. Culture-based methods found that violacein producers composed 0.001% or 0.023% CFU of environmental heterotrophic populations using BG-11 and potato-based media, respectively. Culture-independent high-throughput ribosomal 16S V4 sequencing of environmental DNA was used to detect Gram-negative species known for their production of violacein. Of all bacterial and archaeal sequences present during the fall in littoral waters and sediment of Lake Winnipeg, 5.5% and 6.3%, respectively, belonged to species that have similar pigment, demonstrating the scarcity of violacein producers in this aquatic freshwater system. 相似文献