Current issues in tourism: Mitigating climate change in sustainable tourism research

This paper adopts a problematising review approach to examine the extent of mitigating climate change research in the sustainable tourism literature. As climate change has developed into an existential global environmental crisis and while tourism's emissions are still increasing, one would expect it to be at the heart of sustainable tourism research. However, from a corpus of 2573 journal articles featuring ‘sustainable tourism’ in their title, abstract, or keywords, only 6.5% covered climate change mitigation. Our critical content analysis of 35 of the most influential papers found that the current methods, scope and traditions of tourism research hamper effective and in-depth research into climate change. Transport, the greatest contributor to tourism's emissions, was mostly overlooked, and weak definitions of sustainability were common. Tight system boundaries, lack of common definitions and incomplete data within tourism studies appear to hamper assessing ways to mitigate tourism's contribution to climate change.     

金融系统气候风险的评估、定价与政策应对:基于文献的评述

减缓和适应气候变化是人类社会21世纪面临的最重要议题。气候变化不仅对人身和社会财富安全构成威胁,而且影响金融系统的稳定性。气候变化通过物理风险和转型风险渠道影响金融部门,前者主要表现为直接物理损失,后者则与高碳行业的资产搁浅有关。通过金融市场的传染,转型风险有可能引发新一轮的金融系统性风险。气候金融风险具有高度不确定性以及厚尾分布的特点,对现有建模和评估方法提出挑战。央行以及金融监管机构作为维护价格和金融稳定的执行机构,应考虑将气候金融风险纳入监管之中,推动各方金融参与者披露相关气候风险,完善数据平台建设,并应进一步采取适当的货币政策和宏观审慎政策,激励资金向低碳部门流动。     

Does political propaganda matter in mitigating climate change? Insights from the United States of America

Some research on climate change has been the basis of climate change denialism (hereafter, CCD is used to refer to denial, denialism, and deniers). There is formative knowledge about the role of political propaganda in climate policies and resulting outcomes. To contribute to the understanding of political ideology and the extent of CCD, we adopt econometric techniques to study the impact of the United States of America's withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. The results show that ideological political propaganda has psychological and philosophical consequences that impact climate change policies. In addition, we find that the effect of a state's economic growth on climate change is mediated by CCD. In particular, low-income capitalist states have a higher propensity to become CCDs because they are more likely to engage in economic expansion even at the expense of environmental sustainability. Global climate change policies depend on high-income nations and industries' willingness to adopt economic policies to achieve sustainable future development. Thus, this study fills the literature gap on the relationship between political ideology and climate change. The findings show that CCD significantly influences voting patterns and socioeconomic outcomes. It impedes states from achieving net-zero emissions and carbon neutrality and it is used as a political propaganda. Subject to these findings, relevant policy suggestions are offered.     

Climate change,risk factors and stock returns: A review of the literature

This article reviews how climate change could be considered an additional source of market risk. I discuss the types of data needed to analyse the climate risk drivers that shape the dynamics of the equity market. I present empirical evidence at both the macro and micro-level, analysing whether and to what extent the equity market prices climate change and related risks. Top-down and bottom-up approaches are compared to understand which climate risk is more likely to affect the cross-section of stock returns, both within and across sectors. Emphasis is also placed on investors’ beliefs about climate change risks, and the related asset pricing implications are analysed. I conclude by illustrating further directions for both empirical and theoretical research in the field of climate finance.     

协同工作设计能缓解组织知识隐藏“困境”吗——基于防御型与促进型心理所有权视角

如何有效干预知识隐藏、突破知识型组织发展的约束性因素，是组织管理中亟需解决的难题，尤其是在竞合交织的工作情境下鲜有研究同时考虑合作性、竞争性工作情境对知识隐藏行为的影响机制，导致对知识隐藏的认知存在片面性。鉴于此，结合心理所有权理论，探讨协同工作设计与团队竞争氛围影响知识隐藏的联动机制。通过对77个知识团队的457名成员进行两阶段问卷调查，研究发现，知识心理所有权、组织心理所有权在协同工作设计(任务互依性、社会支持和他人反馈)与知识隐藏之间起中介作用，团队竞争氛围在协同工作设计要素通过知识心理所有权、组织心理所有权影响知识隐藏的中介路径中发挥调节作用。上述结论不仅为深入研究知识隐藏行为提供了全新的理论视角，也为构建竞争与合作平衡的知识型组织提供了有益启示。     

组织创新氛围、网络嵌入对员工创新行为的影响

员工创新行为是企业获得持续竞争优势的关键，并受到员工所拥有资源的影响。新时代背景下，员工借助组织嵌入网络获取的异质性资源成为促进创新行为的关键要素。基于资源保存理论，构建组织创新氛围、网络嵌入和员工创新行为关系模型并进行实证调查研究，结果发现：组织创新氛围各维度中，资源供应、团队协作显著促进员工创新行为，而领导效能影响不显著；组织创新氛围与员工关系嵌入显著正相关，资源供应、团队协作与结构嵌入显著正相关，但领导效能对结构嵌入影响不显著；网络嵌入在资源供应、团队协作与员工创新行为关系中发挥中介作用，但在领导效能与员工创新行为关系中不起中介作用。最后，提出建立高绩效工作系统、优化和完善激励机制、强化内部创新文化氛围建设、提升企业和员工网络嵌入水平等管理建议。     

极端气候对商业银行风险承担的影响——来自中国地方性商业银行的经验证据

深化对气候相关金融风险的认识,对于促进绿色低碳发展,防范系统性金融风险具有重要意义。本文以2004—2018年期间281家中国地方性商业银行为样本,实证检验了极端气候对银行风险承担的影响及其机制。研究发现,极端强降水气候显著提升了银行风险承担,极端高温和极端低温气候对银行风险承担不存在明显影响。极端强降水主要通过给银行信贷主体带来经济损失,影响违约概率和银行信贷资产质量,进而影响银行风险承担水平;提高灾前的保险保障水平、强化碳减排机制以及确保银行资本的充足性均有利于弱化极端气候对银行风险承担的影响;相较于以地级和省会城市工商业和居民为主要服务对象的地方性商业银行,极端强降水对以“三农”为主要服务对象的县域地方性商业银行风险承担的影响更大。因此,提升商业银行应对极端气候风险意识,提高气候灾害保险保障水平,强化碳减排机制和银行资本充足管理,均有利于降低极端气候对银行风险的影响。     

Temporal changes in the remote sensing reflectance at Lake Vänern

The Aerosol Robotic Network - Ocean Color (AERONET-OC) instrument located at the Pålgrunden site in Lake Vänern provides values of remote sensing spectral reflectance R_RS(λ) since 2008. These in situ R_RS(λ) indicated a temporal increase from 2015 at center-wavelengths in the green and red spectral regions. To investigate the environmental and climate processes responsible for this increase, water color trends in Lake Vänern were analyzed considering in situ limnological measurements, meteo-climatic quantities and additionally satellite-derived data products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on board the Aqua platform (MODIS-A). Satellite ocean color R_RS(λ) data assessed against in situ R_RS(λ) from the Pålgrunden site showed satisfactory agreement at a number of spectral bands. Relying on these validation results, comprehensive statistical analysis were performed using MODIS-A R_RS(λ). These indicated periodical changes between 2002 and 2021 with clear minima occurring between 2010 and 2013. The complementary analyses of temporal changes characterizing limological and meteo-climatic quantities, and also relationships between these quantities and R_RS(λ), indicated the existence of complex and concurrent bio-geochemical processes influencing water color in Lake Vänern. In particular, significant correlations were observed between R_RS(λ) and turbidity, and also between R_RS(λ) and total biovolume. Additionally, an early warming of Lake Vänern surface waters was identified since spring 2014. This occurrence could potentially affect the vertical mixing and water exchange between turbid coastal and pelagic waters with implications for phytoplankton phenology.     

Future climate-induced changes in mixing and deep oxygen content of a caldera lake with hydrothermal heat and salt inputs

Vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen in Crater Lake, a caldera lake in the Oregon Cascade Range that receives hydrothermal inputs of heat and salt, were simulated with a 1-dimensional model. Twelve Global Circulation Models and two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) were used to develop boundary conditions from 1950 to 2099. The model simulated the ventilation of deep water initiated by reverse stratification and subsequent thermobaric instability. All models predicted a reduction in the frequency of deep ventilation events, from an ensemble median frequency of 5.4 winters decade⁻¹ during 1950–2005 to 4.3 (RCP4.5) or 2.5 (RCP8.5) winters decade⁻¹ during 2045–2099. Favorable conditions for thermobaric instability-induced mixing currently occur infrequently and will become rare in the future. The salinity gradient resulting from hydrothermal inputs presents an additional barrier to thermobaric instability that will continue through 2099. A redistribution of salt to the deep lake may prevent ventilation all the way to the bottom in the future. Hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen percent saturation remained above 75% within the 21st century, consistent with oligotrophy and very small oxygen demands. The rate of change in all variables accelerated approaching 2099, coincident with elimination of winter reverse stratification. Historically, about half of the hydrothermal heat added to Crater Lake has been vented to the atmosphere. In the RCP8.5 scenario, the hydrothermal heat will cease to be vented to the atmosphere by the end of the 21^st century, and then the temperature of the deep waters will increase rapidly.     

Why is Japan’s carbon emissions from road transportation declining?

Average fuel efficiency of vehicles improved substantially over the last three decades in Japan. Yet, the carbon emissions from on-road passenger vehicles continued to increase until 2000, and then turned to a steadily declining trend. We empirically investigate this disparity. To that end, we apply an analogue of the Copeland-Taylor decomposition, combined with an empirically estimated behavioral model of car ownership and utilization choice, to economically decompose vehicle carbon emissions into the scale, composition, and technique effects over our study period, 1990–2015. We find that exogenous demographic changes such as population size, driver’s license holdings, or labor migration across regions can only explain this disparity partially. After accounting for endogenous changes in household’s geographically-explicit transport demand by the estimated behavioral model, the predicted emissions match the time path of the observed emissions surprisingly well. Of all the factors in the behavioral model, the fuel cost per unit of driving accounts for the largest share of the total variation in the observed emissions. Our result indicates that 60% of the technique effect is offset by the perverse effect of induced transport demand due to the lower fuel cost. Importantly, the induced demand comes from both the intensive margin (driving) and the extensive margin (car ownership).