讨赖河流域时间水权制度及其水量分析

通过对讨赖河以时分水制度的分析,阐述了时间水权的概念、特性及适用条件,并引入水文序列的统计分析,分析了"依时取水"下各区域的可支配水量、实际用水量及缺水量,揭示了讨赖河时间水权制度的水量内涵,给出了讨赖河基于时间水权进行水量水权明晰的边界条件,为流域总量控制提供了科学基础.     

辽河流域水质水量联合调配决策支持系统的 设计与实现

根据辽河流域给定的不同水质目标保障的水量调配预案,采用辨识相关技术对多目标技术方案进行评估,并将评估结果反馈给优化调度模型进行参数调整,最终通过过程控制和结果检验得到最优调度方案。将以上过程运用Microsoft Visual Studio 10.0开发环境和ArcGIS Engine组件,基于数据库、地理信息系统、面向对象等技术形成了用户操作界面友好的辽河流域水质水量联合调度决策支持系统。     

南水北调后海河流域水资源调度计划及水价形成机制

在基于流域与区域（省级）两层次调度管理体制以及计划调度与市场调度相结合的调度方式框架下,探讨了市场调度过程中流域级水资源年、月调度计划的生成机制,提出了流域级和省级水资源市场调度的水价结构以及相应的水价形成机制。这些机制充分体现了政府部门在水资源调度中的主导作用,并能保证各调度主体具有参与管理的空间,同时对促进水资源的高效利用与保障海河流域民生和经济社会协调发展都将产生积极的影响。     

Impact Assessment of Mtera and Kidatu Reservoirs on the Annual Maximum Floods at Stiegler's Gorge of the Rufiji River in Tanzania

Abstract

The impoundment of any river causes changes in the downstream flow regime. The effect of a dam on flow regime depends on both the storage capacity of the reservoir relative to the volume of river flow and the way the dam is operated. The most common attribute of flow regulation is a decrease in the magnitude of the flood peaks and an increase in low flows. This paper reports the findings of a study to assess the cumulative impact of two dams on the Great Ruaha River in Tanzania (the Mtera and Kidatu Reservoir System) on flood flows. The method used was to compare the observed annual maximum flows at downstream locations after the construction of the dams with mathematically modeled estimates of the annual maximum flows at the same locations, assuming that the dams were not built (i.e. generating naturalized flows). Contrary to expectations, the study found that annual maximum peaks were supposed to be less than those actually observed. For instance, in 1989, annual maximum peak flow of 1,400 m³/s was recorded at Kidatu, but the estimated uncontrolled peak flow should have been 800 m³/s, signifying an artificially-induced flood wave. Although, there was a significant impact on the peak flows at Kidatu awing to the dams, the impact was found to be minimal on the flow peaks at Steigler's Gorge.     

开都河河道渗透补给地下水分析

干旱典型区焉耆盆地的农业灌溉可持续发展,受制于开都河河水以及开都河流域地下水的有效利用。在总结河道渗透补给地下水量计算方法的基础上,选用河道水量平衡法对开都河枯水期河道渗透补给地下水量做了分析,得出该河流河水与地下水的补排关系及补排量。以期对焉耆盆地合理利用水资源、改善生态环境、农业灌溉可持续发展提供一定的依据。更多还原     

近50年来滹沱河流域水资源变化规律与影响因素

通过分析滹沱河全流域自然地理环境和社会经济情况,将流域划分为3个水资源区:小觉以上区域(I区—成水和用水环境)、小觉至黄壁庄之间区域(II区—成水环境)、黄壁庄以下区域(III区—用水环境)。利用20世纪50年代以来水文、气象数据,结合对前人研究成果的整理,探讨了半世纪以来滹沱河流域分区水资源的演变规律,并剖析了流域水资源变化的机理。结果表明:近50年来,全流域水资源总量呈现出减少趋势,不同区域减少幅度各不相同;I区和II区的水资源变化受人类活动和气候变化的双重影响,但影响机理和程度有所差异;而III区的水资源变化则完全由人类活动控制,自然因素几乎可以忽略。     

近50年黑河流域降水变化特征分析

黑河流域是我国西北地区第二大内陆流域,中游地区,地势平缓,水源充足,并建有多座水库,是西部粮食和蔬菜生产基地之一。在气候变化的背景下,该流域的降水格局发生了一定程度的变化。现以黑河流域及周边地区15个气象站点1961年-2010年的逐日降水资料和国家1∶25万的DEM资料为基础,分析了黑河流域平原地区和山丘地区的降水变化特征。结果表明:(1)平原地区降水较少而山区降水相对较多,整体呈降水增加趋势且山区所占比例较大;(2)山区和平原地区的降水质心均向西南偏移,且山区偏移明显;(3)全流域上分布较广的0～100mm降水带在萎缩,相反分布稀少300mm以上降水带在增加。     

河流生态健康评价中功能指标分析与计算

通过对包括生境多样性指标、河流水质指标、河口径流指标、森林覆盖率指标、地下水超采率和河流纵向连续性指标等河流生态功能指标进行分析,考虑各项指标在整体评价中的作用确定指标权重,并对各项评价指标进行标准化处理,建立了河流生态健康评价指标体系。据此,利用滦河流域有关成果调查和资料,对滦河河流生态功能进行评价,评价结果介于一般与较差之间。该评价方法考虑了多项影响河流生态功能的因素,因此评价结果能较好地反映河流生态功能,可为河流开发和管理提供参考依据。     

Quantitative comparison of semi- and fully-distributed hydrologic models in simulating flood hydrographs on a mountain watershed in southwest China

To investigate the performance of fully- and semi-distributed hydrologic models in simulating the process of transformation from rainfall to runoff in mountain areas, the fully-distributed models Basin Pollution Calculation Center （BPCC） and HEC- HMS are calibrated for the Zhenjiangguan watershed located in the upper stream of Minjiang River Southwest China using streamflow observations at the basin outlet. Semi-automatical optimization method is implemented to both models to improve simulated resuits by removing artificial errors. Based on the consistency of the simulated hydrographs with the observed ones, the statistical coefficients such as the relative error, the probability distribution and the correlation coefficient, are further introduced to evaluate quantitatively the performance of the two models. Analyses indicate that the hydrographs simulated by the BPCC are relatively closer to the observed ones than those simulated by the HEC-HMS in view of the spatial heterogeneity in terrain, soil texture, land cover and meteorological conditions in mountain areas.     

延河泉域岩溶水资源利用和保护研究与对策

延河泉域岩溶水资源是山西省最重要的岩溶水资源之一,最近几年随着经济的快速发展,受到污染等方面的影响因素,延河泉域岩溶水资源利用形势不容乐观,水资源的储量及安全受到很大的威胁。根据现有的研究资料,结合延河泉域岩溶水资源利用和保护的现状,论述了延河泉域岩溶水资源开发利用的对策,提出了以科学利用、防治结合的用保护策略,以期能够的给决策者提供一些启示。