江西省农村土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值研究

[目的]土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值研究一直是土地资源评价与管理方面的热点研究问题,通过对江西省土地利用变化和生态系统价值进行研究,为江西省土地规划和资源的可持续利用提供理论依据。[方法]文章基于文献查阅的方法,利用多样性指数模型、土地利用动态度和生态系统服务价值模型,结合2009~2016年江西省农村土地利用的现状及变化,分析了其生态系统服务价值及相应变化。[结果]近年来,江西省农村土地利用程度高、多样性指数中等且呈先下降后上升的趋势。土地利用类型的面积与该土地利用类型的生态系统服务价值呈同向变化的关系。通过对土地利用类型的ESV值进行分析,发现农村土地利用的生态系统服务功能价值总体在减少;对单项生态系统价值分析,水源涵养在江西省农村土地生态系统服务中占有最重要的地位。[结论]2009~2016年江西省农村土地利用结构都发生了变化,生态系统服务总价值出现了降低趋势,各单项生态系统服务功能价值也在减少,土地利用结构对生态系统功能价值具有决定作用。因此,政府应该合理利用土地,保护生态系统,协调好环境与经济发展的关系。     

煤矿土地复垦适宜性评价研究——以荣昌县曾家山煤矿为例

对土地进行适宜性评价是煤矿复垦工作的基础,为科学合理的复垦和利用土地提供了重要的依据。以重庆市荣昌县曾家山煤矿为例,结合矿区实际情况,通过对矿区的评价单元进行划分,确定相关影响因素,最终得出各地类的复垦方向,并对评价结果进行分析。结果表明,待复垦土地主要复垦方向为耕地和林地。     

基于鱼类栖息地需求的雅鲁藏布江中游环境流量计算

针对水利工程影响下,河道下游天然水文情势改变造成鱼类产卵场面积减小和质量降低等潜在生态问题,通过数值模拟与统计建立拉萨裸裂尻鱼产卵期栖息地适宜度模型,采用栖息地模拟法计算了雅鲁藏布江中游藏木水电站坝下米林—尼洋河汇口处38.9 km河段的环境流量。结果表明:拉萨裸裂尻鱼产卵期适宜水深为0.7～1.0 m,适宜流速为0.4～0.6 m/s;研究河段内拉萨裸裂尻鱼产卵期环境流量为432 m~3/s。     

Prioritising land to be preserved for agriculture: A context-specific value tree

In Belgium as in many other countries, agricultural land is under pressure for development of other land uses. This paper presents a method for setting priorities for preservation of land for agriculture. The method is based on a participatory approach through which a value tree is formulated. This results in a list of criteria to define farmland value, which is explicitly linked to the objectives for farmland preservation. The value tree allows the list of criteria to be determined in a structured and consistent way. The participatory process contributes to the development of a shared vision on farmland preservation. The approach also incorporates context specificity, as shown by its application for farmland preservation in Flanders.     

西安市主城区地下水源热泵适宜性分区研究

根据西安市主城区水文地质条件和环境保护条件,建立了西安市地下水源热泵适宜性评价体系,利用最小信息熵原理将主观赋权法(层次分析法)和客观赋权法(熵值法)相结合得到各评价指标的组合权重。在确定了评分体系的基础上,采用综合指数法得到西安市主城区水源热泵适宜性分区结果:研究区范围内,地下水源热泵适宜区面积为171.228km2,较适宜区面积为369.234km2,不适宜区面积为160.407km2,禁建区面积为131.002km2。研究结果为西安市水源热泵的规划选址提供了依据。     

基于生态适宜性评价的耕地生态系统服务价值变化研究 ——以山东省章丘市为例

生态系统服务价值评估是当前生态经济学和环境经济学的研究热点和焦点.耕地生态适宜性评价是对影响耕地各种条件的综合评估,其结果能从一定程度上反映耕地的质量状况.该文首先选取了影响章丘市耕地生态适宜性的因子,在对研究区域进行生态适宜性评价的基础上,以生态适宜性综合指数为修正因子对耕地生态系统服务价值进行修正,使得耕地生态系统服务价值因为其生态适宜性的不同产生了区别.研究发现,章丘市的耕地生态系统服务价值从南往北逐步减少,耕地适宜性综合指数能较好的修正耕地的生态系统服务价值.     

生态产品价值实现模式及其适宜性评价研究 ——以中国314个城市为例

研究目的：构建生态产品价值实现逻辑框架,开展实现模式的适宜性评价,形成我国生态产品价值实现模式分区指引。研究方法：逻辑分析法,D-W四象限模型,综合指数法,SOFM网络模型。研究结果：（1）生态产品价值实现的内涵是基于生态产品的“客观价值”并通过“市场价值”手段实现生态产品的“主观价值”;（2）生态产品价值实现模式可分为生态农业、生态工业、生态旅游、生态产品价值核算、横向生态保护补偿、生态指标交易、纵向生态保护补偿、土地综合整治或生态保护修复共8类提高生态供给和溢价增值的手段,且因为地区差异具有不同的适宜性水平;（3）生态产品价值实现模式的适宜性评价结果将研究区划分为纵向补偿下生态产业探索型、生态农旅横向补偿型、指标交易型、生态工业指标交易型、生态工业横向补偿型和生态开发与市场综合发展型6类城市;（4）我国各类型城市的生态产品价值实现符合“一片区、三板块、两点带全面”的分区发展格局。研究结论：适宜性评价与分区指引对生态产品价值实现的落地具有重要意义,评价方法为生态产品价值实现的差异化制度设计提供方法支撑。     

基于城市“海绵体”环境地质条件的海绵城市建设适宜性评价体系及其应用——以焦作市为例

针对我国因城市化而日益出现的一系列城市水问题,为更有效、更具有针对性地进行海绵城市建设,综合国内外海绵城市建设指标评价方法,从环境地质角度出发考虑城市\"海绵体\"雨水环境承载力的地质属性,基于大量实际钻孔及原位渗水试验提取城市\"海绵体\"的环境地质参数。通过研究海绵城市建设中海绵能力和环境地质参数的内在关系,提出针对原始海绵地质条件的海绵渗水、海绵蓄水和海绵城市水容量三个海绵能力指标,建立海绵城市建设地质环境指标评价体系和方法,最后以中国中部城市焦作市为例进行海绵城市建设环境地质适宜性评价。结果表明:(1)海绵渗水、海绵蓄水和海绵城市水容量三个海绵能力指标可有效表示海绵城市建设环境地质适宜性能力的优劣,指标值大于1表示该城市\"海绵体\"环境地质能力足以解决最大降雨带来的城市水问题;(2)焦作市研究区整体来说渗水能力较差,降雨条件下会导致地面产生地表径流,而城市\"海绵体\"蓄水能力及城市水容量较好,可容纳最大降雨条件下产生的地表渗水及渗水能力不足而产生的积水,不会发生城市洪涝灾害。同时,结合研究区实际情况对比进行分析评价,给出海绵城市建设的详细建议。研究成果可为中原城市群海绵城市建设、城市雨水管理规划设计提供思路及参考。     

Physical and biological evolution of constructed reefs – long-term assessment and lessons learned

Artificial reefs are widely used to restore lost or damaged habitat, particularly spawning habitat. However, reefs are often designed without consideration for testing design features and constructed without clear objectives or a long-term assessment plan to evaluate changes in reef characteristics. To mitigate for degradation of lake trout spawning habitat in Thunder Bay, Lake Huron, we constructed 29 cobble reefs in 2010–11. Reef design incorporated height, orientation, and size as replicated factors. In addition to assessment of reef use by lake trout, we evaluated the biotic and abiotic changes in the reefs over five years post-construction and compared them to two adjacent degraded reefs and a semi-natural reef. Each reef was mapped annually by side-scan sonar to examine changes in the physical structure, such as slumping. Divers surveyed a subset of the reefs each year, and sampled substrate to quantify benthic macroinvertebrates, including zebra mussels. Algal colonization and round gobies were evaluated qualitatively. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, and sediment accumulation were measured over the winter at the vertical center and base of two reefs each year. Little physical change or sedimentation occurred. Qualitative abundance of coregonine eggs, presence of other fishes, and colonization by algae and macroinvertebrates increased throughout the monitoring period, indicating that the reefs have long-term value for a diversity of species.     

What controls distribution of larval and juvenile yellow perch? The role of habitat characteristics and spatial processes in a large,shallow lake

The goal of this study was to determine the relative contribution of environmental and spatial processes governing the distribution of larval and juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in two shallow embayments of a large fluvial lake on the St. Lawrence River system. We tested the hypotheses that: i) larval distribution is not related to habitat characteristics, presumably due to their relatively low swimming capacity, whereas ii) these environmental variables drive juvenile distribution, reflecting a more active habitat selection. This study is one of the first attempts to partition the relative roles of environmental and spatial factors in shaping the distribution of a freshwater fish through its early ontogeny. We show that larvae were not spatially aggregated within the embayments and that habitat characteristics, mainly related to aquatic vegetation, played an important role in explaining their distribution. In contrast, juvenile abundances were not significantly related to habitat characteristics, despite being spatially structured over multiple scales. Contrary to our predictions, habitat association was stronger for larvae than for juveniles which were aggregated independent of habitat characteristics. Increased swimming capacities may thus facilitate the aggregation of juveniles rather than strengthening their association with habitat, at least at the scales considered here (ca 3 km²). These results shed a new light on the factors governing larval and juvenile yellow perch distribution, suggesting that active habitat choice might begin earlier than previously thought.