Mechanisms for controlling expenditure in the Spanish Royal Household, c.1561-c.18081

The purpose of this article is to examine the accounting and auditing in the Spanish Royal Household between 1561 and 1808. The Royal Household was the third most important item of expenditure that the State Treasury financed, after the Army and Navy and the National Debt. On studying spending control in the Royal Household, we have rejected the idea, often advanced by historiography, that there was no spending control within this institution. On the contrary, treasurers and accountants were only able to release funds for expenditure purposes on the basis of prior authorization. However, the efficiency of spending control was very limited due to technical, administrative and, above all, social and political elements.     

Are Securitizations in Substance Sales or Secured Borrowings? Capital‐Market Evidence*

Two standard‐setting approaches have emerged globally to guide the choice of accounting for securitizations: the control and components approach (SFAS No. 125 and SFAS No. 140) and the risks and rewards transfer approach (IAS No. 39). A lack of consensus about derecognition accounting is a major impediment to achieving convergence in global standards that must be resolved. Thus, both SFAS No. 140 and IAS No. 39 will be reexamined, and evidence pertinent to the debate is timely and important. In this study, we present evidence consistent with the view of credit‐rating analysts, who view many securitizations as, in substance, secured borrowings. Specifically, for a sample of originators applying sale accounting guidance in SFAS No. 125 / 140 during the period 1997‐2003, we show that off‐balance‐sheet debt related to securitizations has, on average, the same risk‐relevance for explaining market measures of risk (that is, CAPM beta) as on‐balance‐sheet debt. We also find that, in a returns and earnings association framework, the pricing multiple on securitization gains declines as the amount of off‐balance‐sheet debt increases, implying that investors take off‐balance‐sheet debt into account when assessing the valuation‐relevance of such gains. For those who advocate the control and components approach to securitization accounting, our results suggest that, at least for frequent securitizers, the put option arising from implicit recourse is a “missing piece” that is not currently accounted for when calculating securitization gains. Our results challenge the extant measurement standards in SFAS No. 140.     

坚持科学发展观 开拓创新求发展

论述了贯彻落实科学发展观对水利水电工作必要性,以及如何在实际工作中坚持科学发展观,并从赣州市水利电力勘测设计研究院50年来在服务水利、改革发展、创新理念、人才队伍建设等方面取得的成就加以说明.     

引大总干渠先明峡倒虹吸水平管段复位施工方法

引大入秦工程总干渠先明峡倒虹吸管水平段钢管因温度变化引起上下游伸缩节的预留伸缩量发生了较大的变化,造成支承环的底座与支墩上的四氟滑块产生了较大错位,支墩出现了偏心受压,大部分四氟滑块出现断裂、脱胶和翘曲等破坏。通过水平管段支承环底座的摩阻力、伸缩节橡胶棒摩阻力计算,水平管段采用箱型定向滑动导轨和滑动钢球的复位措施、施工方法、步骤。采用该施工方法复位后,工程运行情况良好。     

引红济石调水工程地质特点及应对措施

陕西引红济石调水工程地质条件非常复杂,施工过程中多次出现断层破碎带塌方、突发性涌水、涌泥等地质难题。结合施工采用的方法、措施分析、研究地质特性和规律,总结施工过程中发生地质灾害的经验教训,认为可以通过加强施工过程控制来有效降低隧洞施工地质风险和灾害发生的可能,从而达到加快工程建设进度,节约工程投资的目的。     

天生桥一级水电站施工总布置研究

天生桥一级水电站采用合同管理方式建设，主体工程划分为四个土建及金属结构安装合同和一个厂房永久机电设备安装工程合同，为满足合同管理的要求，进行了场内外交通运输设计、施工场地划分、公用施工临时设施和专用施工临时设施的划分、土石方平衡规划等设计工作，潢足了工程建设的需要     

三峡船闸下游引航道防渗工程施工质量监理

华东勘测设计研究院监理中心在三峡工程通航建筑物下游引航道防渗工程施工阶段狠抓质量监理。监理工程师在开工申请，试验，工序控制，质量缺陷处理和竣工验收等方面严格起来，总结了一套理工程师在现场管理模式。     

南水北调调蓄工程经济性的探讨

用于调节南水北调工程来水的有两类水库，在这两类水库中，一类为已建水库，位于南水北调中线以西较高位置，叫做“高库”，例如黄壁庄水库；另一类为拟建水库，位于中线以东平原洼地，也叫“低库”，以大浪淀水库为例．技术经济指标分析表明，第一类水库的供水成本明显小于后者，故得出如下结论：利用某些已建“高库”的闲置库容调节南水北调来水可能是经济的．     

水轮机动态模型试验微机测控

利用微机测控水轮机动态模型试验台，可以实现参数率定，用键盘控制导叶、桨叶开关，和自动检测转速、扭矩、轴向力、水压力，导叶、桨叶行程等参量，同时，还能任意选择导叶关闭规律，自动生成试验数据图表．测控软件采用菜单模式，汉字提示，通过键盘人机对话进行操作．软件分初始化软件、人机对话软件和时钟中断软件．初始化软件用于硬件初始化及中断矢量的设置；人机对话软件用于功能选择；实时钟中断软件由硬件8253－1的OUT1定时启动，完成有定时要求的各任务的计时．微机测控试验，测量精度高，试验质量高，速度快，值得推广．     

小浪底地区总体规划方案构思

随着小浪底水利枢纽工程建设的进展，如何将小浪底地区建设成为一个以水利工程为主体、富有特色的新型居民点，将是该地区发展中的一个战略性问题。本文从分析小浪底地区的功能性质、规模、环境特点入手，对该地区的规划结构、布局形态、风景资源开发和景物景区的组织提出了总体构思，并对建设过程中远近期结合问题，提出了建设性的设想。