河流生态健康评价研究——以潮白河为例

在综述分析前人研究成果的基础上,简要介绍了生态系统健康评价的基础理论,分析了河流生态系统健康的概念内涵和河流生态系统健康评价的基本方法.并以潮白河为研究案例,按照"病态、不健康、亚健康、健康、很健康"5级评价标准,对其进行了生态系统健康评价.结果表明,潮白河(1.473)处于不健康状态.     

分汊型河道水流运动特性和污染物输移规律研究进展

对分汊型河道的水流运动特性和污染物输移扩散规律的相关研究进行综述,分别从分汊型河道中分汊口、交汇口、整个分汊河道的水流特性及分汊型河道中的污染物输移特性等4个方面进行总结。介绍分汊口和交汇口处的水流从其能量损失、水位变化、水流分离等一维、二维过流特征到三维流动结构和紊动特性的研究过程;从野外现场试验、室内物理模型试验和数学模型模拟等角度出发阐述了整个分汊河道的水流特性;认为污染物在分汊河道中的输运规律研究主要集中在数值模拟上,并进行了回顾和分析;提出分汊河道水流水质输移特性研究中一些有待深入探究的问题,尤其亟待加强不同排放方式、不同污染物密度和不同分汊形态下污染物输移机制的试验研究。     

坝王河羡塘至大井、小井河段开发方式研究

针对坝王河流域忽明忽暗、明伏交替、落水洞遍布、地下暗河系统发育等强喀斯特特点,拟对羡塘至大井、小井河段的开发采取分段开发的思路,上河段为合理规避河段喀斯特渗漏问题,采用长隧洞引水方式;下河段为避开地下暗河系统和渗漏河段,选择成库条件较为可靠的坝址和引水线路较短的开发方案.其工程经验可供类似流域开发借鉴.     

山区小流域水土流失综合治理经济评价与效益分析——以天台县祥和溪等5条小流域为例

从天台祥和溪等5条小流域水土流失现状分析和水土流失综合治理措施出发,通过对坡改梯、水保林、经济林和小型水土保持工程的投入和效益分析,论证了水土流失综合治理的基础效益、生态效益和经济效益;同时通过对项目进行国民经济评价,经济内部收益率(EIRR)、经济净现值(ENPV)和效益费用比(EPCR)3项指标均达到要求。     

黄河下游河湾平面参数特性及其实验研究

以黄河下游,尤其是游荡型河段的研究资料为背景,通过模型试验,在分析河势变化过程的基础上,运用数学统计与理论探讨,研究了不同水沙条件下河湾中心角、河湾半径和河湾跨度的变化趋势,初步揭示了随水沙、比降条件的改变,河势的变化过程,总结出河流在边界条件改变后河势演变的特点,对预测河道演变趋势,有效地河道整治具有一定的意义。     

区域层面河湖功能区划研究——以太湖流域为例

河湖功能区划是加强流域管理的一项新举措.对于自然属性和社会经济属性较为均一的区域,河流功能难以按其沿河道的空间分异性进行划分.基于这一特点,提出了区域层面河湖功能区划的概念,建立了由因素层、区划层和功能层构成的区域层面河湖功能区划体系,并提出了区划的方法和程序.进行了太湖流域区域层面河湖功能区划实践,将该区域共划分为3类13个河湖功能区,给出了每一区的功能定位和管理措施.结果表明,区域层面河湖功能区划的概念与方法合理可行,为平原河网区的河湖管理提供了一个新途径.     

Large wood aids spawning Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in marginal habitat on a regulated river in California

To determine whether large wood (LW, ≥1‐m length, ≥10‐cm diameter) plays a role in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd (i.e. egg nest) placements in a regulated, Mediterranean‐climate, medium‐sized river (where channel width is less than the upper quartile of length of potential instream wood pieces), characteristics of 527 large wood pieces, locations of 650 redds, and mesohabitat delineations (riffle, run, glide, pool) were collected during a spawning season along a 7.7 km reach directly below Camanche Dam on the Mokelumne River, CA. LW was regularly distributed across the study reach an average 70 LW pieces km^‐1. Some LW clustering was evident at islands and meander bends. Spawners built 85% of redds within one average channel width (31 m) of LW. Spawners utilized LW within a 10 m radius 36% of the time in the upper 3 km rehabilitated reach, and 44% of the time in the lower 4.7 km marginal habitat reach. A greater percentage of LW was utilized in riffles in the upper 3 km reach where 90% of redds were built, while a larger percentage of spawners used LW in riffles in the lower 4.7 km reach. LW‐redd interactions occurred at greater rates than by random chance alone in the lower 4.7 km reach, which implies that LW aids spawning in marginal habitats. River managers and salmonid spawning habitat rehabilitation (SHR) projects should take LW additions into consideration as an important component of river rehabilitation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Water quality in the southern Tibetan Plateau: chemical evaluation of the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra)

Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) is the largest river system draining the northern slopes of the Himalayan ranges on the southern Tibetan Plateau. It remains one of only two large non‐regulated rivers in China. In this paper the chemical composition of Yarlung Tsangpo and its major tributaries (Raga Tsangpo, Nyangchu and Lhasa River) are studied. Water samples (n = 55) were collected and measured for major ions, trace elements and nutrients in order to: (1) define the present chemical quality of this water course; (2) address possible mechanisms governing the water chemical compositions, and (3) identify potential sources for contaminants. Multivariable analysis shows that geology and climate are the major explanatory variables for the spatial variation in water chemistry in this river system. In general, water chemistry is mainly controlled by carbonate weathering, with Ca²⁺ and HCO being the dominant ions. In addition, runoff from brackish/saline lakes and geothermal waters, enriched in Na⁺, Cl^?, SO, Mg²⁺ and Li, are major contributors of elevated concentrations of these solutes in the headwater regions resulting in a relatively high loading of total dissolved solids (TDS, 146–397 mg L^?1). Levels of most heavy metals and total dissolved nutrients were generally found to be low. However, elevated As concentration (avg. 95 μg L^?1) in the headwaters and additions from untreated wastewater were evident at some locations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

霍童溪流域水库群防洪服务信息系统

霍童溪流域是宁德市防洪重点流域,流域内水库众多,其中大、中型水库7座。水库间存在着串、并连等多种复杂关系,多座水库同时具有供水、防洪与发电等多种功能并存的特点。霍童溪流域水库群防洪服务信息系统基于GIS以图表形式进行概化处理、展现多种水情信息。基于GIS将流域划分为若干个具有独立地理单元、有均匀雨量站分布的子流域,进而开发分布式洪水预报模型,为水库群合理调度决策提供支撑。     

西安市浐灞河下游水质污染状况评价

为了调查西安市浐灞河下游水环境污染的状况,本文整理了2010年1-4月份浐灞河下游河段13个断面水质监测数据,主要是COD、NH3-N和BOD,并根据国家现行环境质量标准GB3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》,对浐灞河下游水质进行了详细的评价。分析结果表明:浐河咸宁桥以上均满足相应水质标准,咸宁桥以下污染严重,主要是COD监测均值已超Ⅴ类水质标准;灞河在浐灞交汇口以上均满足相应水质标准,浐灞交汇口以下污染严重,为劣Ⅴ类水质。