变动态存储系数法在辽宁大凌河流域河道洪水演算中的运用研究

本文选用变动态存储系数法进行河道洪水演算,弥补传统水文模型河道洪水演算将洪水传播时间设为定值的不足。论文选取辽宁大凌河上游大城子水文站2000-2013年15场洪水资料对模型进行率定和验证,并和传统水文模型河道洪水演算方法模拟结果进行对比研究,结果表明相比于传统水文模型,采用变动态存储系数法的洪水模拟精度有所提高,15场洪水模拟合格率提高20%。研究成果对于大凌河流域水文模拟,特别是分布式水文模拟提供较为重要的参考价值。     

IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS IN COMPLEX WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS – CASE STUDY: THE DUERO RIVER BASIN,SPAIN

European river basin authorities are responsible for the implementation of the new river basin management plans in accordance with the European Water Framework Directive. This paper presents a new methodology framework and approach to define and evaluate environmental flow regimes in the realistic complexities that exist with multiple water resource needs at a basin scale. This approach links river basin simulation models and habitat time series analysis to generate ranges of environmental flows (e‐flows), which are evaluated by using habitat, hydropower production and reliability of water supply criteria to produce best possible alternatives. With the use of these tools, the effects of the proposed e‐flows have been assessed to help in the consultation process. The possible effects analysed are impacts on water supply reliability, hydropower production and aquatic habitat. After public agreements, a heuristic optimization process was applied to maximize e‐flows and habitat indicators, while maintaining a legal level of reliability for water resource demands. The final optimal e‐flows were considered for the river basin management plans of the Duero river basin. This paper demonstrates the importance of considering quantitative hydrologic and ecological aspects of e‐flows at the basin scale in addressing complex water resource systems. This approach merges standard methods such as physical habitat simulations and time series analyses for evaluating alternatives, with recent methods to simulate and optimize water management alternatives in river networks. It can be integrated with or used to complement other frameworks for e‐flow assessments such as the In‐stream Flow Incremental Methodology and Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of schistosomiasis host snails in lake and land habitats of western Kenya

Intermediate host snails of schistosomiasis were surveyed in this study to determine their abundance and distribution in the lake and land aquatic habitats of Lake Victoria basin of Kenya. Several sites were sampled at eight locations, both in the lake and on the land. The habitat and/or vegetation type (i.e. open water, hippo grass, hyacinth, ambatch trees, other vegetation, stream, swamp, pond, dam) of the sampled aquatic sites within the locations were also differentiated, water physicochemical parameters were determined, and the abundance of different species or taxa of phytoplankton and zooplankton were enumerated and correlated with the abundance of schistosomiasis snails in the sites. The results indicated significantly more Biomphalaria sudanica snails than Bulinus africanus snails in different physical habitats on land (Student's t‐test, P < 0.05), as well as in different locations on land (Student's t‐test, P = 0.026). Regression analyses revealed that several physicochemical parameters, including dissolved oxygen (R² = ?0.659; n = 8; P = 0.014), pH (R² = 0.728; n = 8; P = 0.007) and turbulence (R² = ?0.616; n = 8; P = 0.02), were predictive of Biomphalaria spp. abundance, while pH (R² = 0.610; n = 8; P = 0.02) and turbulence (R² = ?0.578; n = 8; P = 0.028) were predictive of Bulinus spp. abundance in different locations in the lake. Cyanobacteria (R² = 0.638; n = 8; P = 0.02) and chlorophyceae (R² = ?0.50; n = 8; P = 0.05) were shown to be predictive of both Biomphalaria spp. and Bulinus spp. abundance in different locations in the lake. Zooplankton abundance varied significantly between different locations in the lake (One‐way anova , P < 0.001). Bosmina spp. were found to be predictive of both Biomphalaria spp. (R² = ?0.627; n = 8; P = 0.01) and Bulinus spp. (R² = ?0.50; n = 8; P = 0.05) in different locations in the lake. The results from this study will help inform policy regarding control measures for schistosomias and intermediate snail hosts in Lake Victoria waters, as well as in adjacent terrestrial aquatic habitats and even beyond.     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染状况及其可持续发展策略研究

阿克苏河-塔里木河是干旱区纯耗散型内陆河,受人类活动影响,阿克苏河-塔里木河的水质受到不同程度的污染.利用塔河源流之一的阿克苏河中两个监测断面[龙口、西大桥]和塔河干流上游两个监测断面(阿拉尔、十四团)的实测数据对阿克苏河-塔里木河断面水质污染状况进行了分析.初步分析结果表明:①龙口、西大桥监测数据(除SS超标外)均达到国家Ⅲ类水体标准,阿拉尔、十四团监测数据(除SS超标外)均达到国家V类水体标准;②该水系的主要污染物为悬浮物、矿化度、总硬度、氯化物、硫酸盐等,说明该河的污染主要是盐碱化,其中悬浮物对该水系污染最为敏感,这主要和自然因素(水土流失、区域本底值等)有直接的关系.在此基础上对阿克苏河-塔里木河水污染源原因进行了分析,并且提出了阿克苏河-塔里木河流域可持续发展策略.总之,该水系由于天然地质环境、农田排入等因素,维持“中等污染”程度.该河受工业污染不明显,但要防止今后工业废水的大量排入.     

Measuring the economic benefits of the Youngsan River Restoration Project in Kwangju,Korea, using contingent valuation

This study examines the economic benefits of a river restoration project in the Youngsan River, Kwangju, Korea, using a contingent valuation method. It employs a spike model to address the high proportion of zero responses. The results indicate that a household's annual mean willingness to pay is KRW3410 in Kwangju and KRW1744 in other regions. The resulting benefit-cost ratio is 2.29, indicating that the project would be socially profitable, and that households appear willing to support it financially.     

A SWAT evaluation of the effect of climate change on the hydrology of the Volta River basin

The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was used to evaluate the impacts of a climate scenario based on IPCC A1B emissions on flows in the Volta River basin in West Africa for 2021–2050 and 2071–2100, using 1983–2012 as the reference period. Overall, the simulation indicates increased variability and a decrease of up to 40% in river flow as a consequence of decreasing rainfall and increasing temperature. In particular, the analysis shows smaller absolute but greater relative changes in the hydrology of the northern (upper) part of the basin, particularly at the end of the century.     

Drivers of change in agricultural water productivity and its improvement at basin scale in developing economies

We approach the issue of water productivity in agriculture by identifying five sets of drivers of change. We find that irrigation efficiencies at the field level can result in real water savings under certain conditions, but that small farmers in most of South Asia and Africa have little incentive to adopt the appropriate measures. Although water productivity improvement and water savings at the regional level are possible through a shift to economically efficient crops, such changes may be constrained by concerns with respect to domestic and regional food security, rural employment, and farming system resilience.     

River basin water resources management in China: a legal and institutional assessment

China's rivers face major challenges arising from social and economic development, particularly associated with pollution and over-abstraction. Although these issues vary significantly across the country, China has adopted a national, unified approach to manage water resources in a river basin context. This paper assesses the legal and institutional arrangements for river basin management in terms of decentralization and centralization. It considers the appropriate roles for the different levels of government, including providing for participation and integration across these levels. It proposes strengthening institutional development and capacity building in the future.     

基于RVA法的河流生态需水量研究

以河流生态水文变化的指标体系（Indicator of Hydrologic Alteration,IHA）为基础,立足整体河流水文情势的流量谱系,采用变异性范围法（Range of Variability Approach,RVA）,进行基于长系列历史流量资料的河流生态需水量估算,并以山西省5条较大河流的生态敏感断面为对象进行研究。结果表明,利用本方法估算的结果是合理的,可为河流生态需水量的估算和水资源的可持续开发利用提供科学依据。