长江上游与洞庭湖洪水遭遇天气概念模型研究

长江上游与洞庭湖洪水一旦遭遇,将会形成全流域性洪水或特大洪水,给流域各地区防洪减灾工作带来巨大考验。对1981~2012年间共30次长江上游与洞庭湖洪水遭遇过程进行了分析,建立了5类天气学概念模型。通过分别描述这5类模型的洪水特征、降水特征及天气系统演变特征,对洪水遭遇的天气学规律进行了更细致的研究,为进一步优化三峡水库调度方案提供了技术支撑。     

新沟河延伸拓浚工程对长江水环境影响研究

新沟河延伸拓浚工程是国务院批复的太湖流域水环境综合治理重要工程之一。工程通过延伸拓浚新沟河排江通道,使江苏直武地区5 a一遇以下入太湖水改为北排长江,减少入太湖特别是入梅梁湖河道污染物输入。工程实施后新增排水将对河口处长江水环境造成一定的不利影响。利用MIKE21软件建立二维水流水质模型,重点研究了新沟河排水对长江水环境的影响。研究结果表明：工程排水对长江的不利影响主要局限在入江口附近区域,影响程度总体较小,但在极端情况下,影响较大,通过采取适当的生态修复、运行调度和水质监控措施可以予以缓解。     

鄱阳湖流域河水、湖水及地下水同位素特征分析

利用鄱阳湖流域同位素按月份呈周期性变化的特征,将氘氧同位素关系作为示踪剂,研究降水入渗及地下水、河水与湖水之间的转化关系。结果表明:4月中旬湖水、河水、井水的δD、δ18O的均值分别为(-2.32%,-0.42%)、(-2.86%,-0.48%)和(-3.18%,-0.55%),δ18O~δD关系点都落在全球雨水线GMWL上;湖水最为富集,湖水的补给除河水之外,湖区及周边的降水也占一定比例。7月下旬湖水、河水与井水的δD、δ18O值明显比4月中旬的值贫化,与降水同位素变化趋势相一致,经历干旱高温天气后,湖水、河水与井水的δ18O~δD关系点落在蒸发线(EL2)上。同位素数据表明,井水与河水之间的转化性强,大量降水入渗地下成为潜水,通过地下径流补给河流,降水转化为河水的周期大约经历了1个月。3—6月为雨季,鄱阳湖对长江水的补给较大,影响到长江水中的同位素。     

鄱阳湖动态水位～面积、水位～容积关系研究

本文提出建立动态水位面积、水位容积关系的构想.针对鄱阳湖不同水情变化产生的湖面各处水位差异,运用微积分、泰森多边形理论,结合现有水文(水位)站数量和分布、鄱阳湖湖盆特征和不同时期水情特点,研究鄱阳湖水文(水位)站分区水位与面积、水位与容积关系,开展鄱阳湖区动态水位~面积、水位~容积理论研究和实践.     

气候变化条件下洪泽湖以上流域水资源演变趋势

基于IPCC对全球和中国的气候变化趋势,利用1990—2011年气象资料,采用增量情景设置方法,分析气候变化情景下洪泽湖以上流域水资源的演变趋势。结果表明:该流域水资源量对降雨变化有较强的敏感性,实际蒸散发对温度变化的敏感性较强。与基准期相比,在气温同等条件、降水增加情景下,流域水资源量呈增加趋势;在降水同等条件、气温升高情景下,流域的实际蒸发会增加,导致水资源量呈减少的趋势。径流年内分配受降水变化影响较大;随着降水增加,径流年内分配更集中,加大年内径流分配差异,可能加大流域湖泊调蓄压力。     

What Drives Warming Trends in Streams? A Case Study from the Alpine Foothills

We investigated the effects of climate warming and land‐use changes on the temperature and discharge of seven Swiss and Italian streams in the catchment of Lake Lugano. In addition, we attempted to predict future stream conditions based on regional climate scenarios. Between 1976 and 2012, the study streams warmed by 1.5–4.3 °C, whereas discharge showed no long‐term trends. Warming trends were driven mainly by catchment urbanization and two large‐scale climatic oscillations, the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. In comparison, independent influences by radiative forcing due to increased atmospheric CO₂ were uncertain. However, radiative forcing was predicted to further increase stream temperature (to +3–7 °C), reduce summer discharge (to ?46%) and increase winter discharge (to +96%) between the present and 2070–2099. These results provide new insights into the drivers of long‐term temperature and discharge trends in European streams subject to multiple impacts. The picture emerging is one of transition, where greenhouse‐gas forcing is gaining ground over climate oscillations and urbanization, the drivers of past trends. This shift would impress a more directional nature upon future changes in stream temperature and discharge, and extend anthropogenic warming to rural streams. Diffusing future impacts on stream ecosystems would require adaptation measures at local to national scales and mitigation of greenhouse‐gas emissions at the global scale. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development issues regarding Bunot Lake: the Lesser Lake among the seven lakes of San Pablo City,Philippines

Bunot Lake exhibits the worst conditions among the seven crater lakes of San Pablo City in the Philippines. It is the most polluted lake, being oversaturated with fish pens/cages. It also hosts the largest concentration of illegal settlements. These attributes strongly suggest that Bunot Lake merits much greater attention in the agenda of its two administrative agencies, the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) and the City Government. The reality, however, is that Bunot Lake is lacking key development initiatives and programmes and seems to occupy a low priority to the LLDA and the City Government. This reality is particularly perplexing as the lake is located very near the urban centre, is closest to the premier lake (Sampaloc Lake), and is the site of the first commercial production of tilapia in floating cages in the city. Against this background, the present study identifies and analyses the immediate development issues for Bunot Lake. It contends that Bunot Lake should be given preference by the LLDA and the City Government, specifically by: (i) modifying their model‐template approach; and (ii) taking steps to tackle a basic need of Bunot Lake, namely the formulation of a zoning‐development plan. The present study also was designed to directly address the lacuna in Philippine lake studies, namely the paucity of research under the social science perspective (which is currently dominated by the natural science perspective) and on small lakes (which is currently concentrated on the largest lakes in the country).     

Effects of habitat and fishing on fish assemblages in a tropical reservoir: Lake Kariba,Zimbabwe

This study investigated the effects of habitat and fishing on fish communities along inshore areas of the Sanyati Basin, Lake Kariba. A one‐year experimental gillnet survey was carried out in 2007 from eight sampling sites located in two different habitats (river mouths and sheltered bays), and in areas open or closed to fishing. A total of 16 species were captured, although the numbers caught at each site varied widely, with only four species recorded at each of the eight sampling sites. The numbers of fish were higher in the fished areas, mainly because of large numbers of Synodontis zambezensis, although the differences were not significant. In contrast, there were significant differences in the abundance of all species between habitats, with the exception of Cyphomyrus discorhynchus and Marcusenius macrolepidotus. There were no significant differences in the diversity of fish in these areas, although mean diversity and evenness were slightly higher in unfished areas and in sheltered bays. Overall, 90% of the fish specimens caught were within a 10–25 cm size range, although there were no systematic differences in the mean length in relation to fishing. In contrast, most fish were generally larger in river mouth areas than in sheltered bays. These data suggest that fishing had little effect on fish communities. This is in contrast to general habitat, which had a significant effect, a finding consistent with earlier studies showing that vegetation, in particular, had a significant effect on fish stocks.     

白洋淀水环境质量评价

由于流域人类活动和气候干旱化的影响,白洋淀水体污染与富营养化日趋严重。通过对白洋淀湖水化学成分的分析,并运用与湖泊富营养化关系最为密切的Chla、TN、TP、CODMn和SD作为评价参数,采用综合营养指数法确定湖水营养类型。湖水水质监测数据分析表明,白洋淀为重碳酸类钠组Ⅱ型水的偏碱性湖泊,综合营养指数法确定湖水为中-富营养级湖泊水体。主成分分析法结果显示,湖泊污染的主要因子是TP。借助硅藻及其组合分析了湖泊富营养化状况,发现白洋淀硅藻属种以耐营养种梅尼小环藻Cyclotellameneghiniana(20.43%)和Cyclostephanos tholiformis(25.40%)为组合特征,表明湖泊水体已处于富营养化状态,水环境状况堪忧。     

基于Landsat2T M 影像的洞庭湖水面动态变化

为了探究近20 年来洞庭湖萎缩状况, 定量评价其水面面积变化情况, 选择Landsat TM 遥感影像作为数据 源, 采用单波段阈值分析法、多波段谱间关系法、水体指数法、植被指数法和目视解译法对洞庭湖水体进行了解译, 探讨了1993 年- 2010 年洞庭湖水体面积动态变化状况。结果表明, 若以1949 年洞庭湖面积( km2 ) 作为历史参考 水面, 则18 年间湖面积萎缩严重, 秋季平水期萎缩比例均超40%; 若以1978 年洞庭湖水面为参考, 则萎缩比例少 于40%。研究还表明, TM 图像的72422 波段组合对于洞庭湖水体的解译非常有效, 可以作为地区水文水资源研究 的重要手段。