天子岭垃圾填埋场洪水成因分析及解决措施

利用雨水管理模型对浙江杭州天子岭垃圾填埋场洪水成因进行了分析,证明:该垃圾填埋场内部排洪系统可以满足设计洪水过流要求,洪水产生的主要原因是由于下游排洪渠截面严重偏小,过流能力严重不足所造成。在此分析基础上,本文提出了该排洪系统的改造方案,即:将原天子岭北线明渠和西南线明渠下游段及沿320国道的盖板涵改建为压力箱涵,以增大过洪能力,并打通绕城公路北侧排洪明渠使其直通沿山港,缩短排洪路径。     

垃圾渗滤液中好氧反硝化生物脱氮的最佳条件

对垃圾渗滤液间歇曝气(曝气时DO为5.5～7 mg/L;停止时DO为1.1～5.5 mg/L),在仅有有机碳、无机氮的条件下进行好氧反硝化作用.通过正交试验确定了好氧反硝化的最佳条件为水力停留时间168 h,DO为5.5～7 mg/L,有机碳源为乙醇,当有机碳源为乙醇时C/N为10.并得出影响好氧反硝化作用因素的重要性排序依次为C/N＞水力停留时间＞有机碳源＞DO.C/N是影响好氧反硝化的主要因素,对TN去除率有高度显著的影响;水力停留时间对TN去除率有显著影响;有机碳源对TN去除率有一定影响;DO对TN去除率没有显著影响.     

Incentivizing sustainable waste management

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the integration of economic and non-economic concepts of waste management and sustainability to achieve new insights to sustainable waste management. Since landfilling will continue to be a significant waste management method, our theory and practice of sustainable waste management should focus upon incentivizing the development of more sustainable landfills. The model sheds light on the design of efficient and fair landfill siting processes; how production inputs to bioreactor landfilling should be selected; and how management practices during the facility's operation phase can achieve greater economic, ecological and social sustainability.     

A mixed-methods study of retail food waste in New Zealand

Little is known about the amount of food wasted in the retail sector. This study aimed to quantify retail food waste in New Zealand (NZ) and identify key drivers for food waste reduction, using a mixed-methods, observational study design that consisted of three parts: onsite food waste audits undertaken in 16 selected stores (complete data from 11 stores); semi-structured interviews with key retail staff from each store; and obtaining existing data from retailers. Retail food waste in NZ was estimated at 13 kg/capita/year for all food waste and diverted product (i.e. all food not sold or utilised at a retail level), which included 5 kg/capita/year designated as food waste (i.e. food directed to landfill, protein reprocessing and compost), with 3 kg/capita/year of this sent to landfill. Fresh vegetables (27%), bakery (23%), meat and fish (19%) and fresh fruit (17%) contributed the most to discarded product. The motivators for encouraging food waste reduction were: concern for the environment; making profit; caring for the community; and doing the ‘right’ thing. The barriers to food waste reduction were: training and educating staff; food safety concerns; quality standards; availability and capacity of waste diversion avenues; and lack of available resources. Audit data and food waste data recorded by retailers were similar. NZ has a number of policies and practices that successfully divert retail food waste away from landfill, in particular, retailers have established relationships with various groups that use their waste as a resource including protein reprocessors, local farmers, and food rescue charities.     

膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液试验研究

利用膜生物反应器对垃圾渗滤液进行了试验研究,在不人为排泥的情况下,反应器连续运行60d。结果表明,系统运行稳定,短期内可以达到良好的处理效果(COD_(Cr)<300mg/L,NH_3—N<20mg/L,未检出SS和大肠杆菌)。并对其污泥特性进行了分析。     

生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理规模的探讨

研究了生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液产生的不同途径,以垃圾填埋过程及场外影响因素为研究对象,以入渗系数法为基础,提出了逐年平均法预测渗滤液产生量的公式,以此确定填埋场渗滤液处理系统的设计规模。在此基础上,结合工程实例,验证了预测方法的可靠性。     

Where are the best opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the food system (including the food chain)? A comment

In a recent paper Garnett (2011) examines the greenhouse gas emissions arising from the global food system. This paper builds on Garnett’s contribution by considering how high levels of food waste contribute to the food chain’s greenhouse emissions and how they can be reduced, something Garnett generally overlooks. The emissions that arise from food waste represent the emissions embedded in the production of food that is then wasted and the emissions that arise from the process of waste disposal. Food waste can also be split into pre-consumer and consumer waste. These distinctions give rise to four categories of food waste related emissions: pre-consumer embedded, pre-consumer waste disposal, consumer embedded and consumer waste disposal emissions. The levels of food waste in each category differ between economies, as do the causes of wastage. Policies to address food waste and the associated emissions need to promote a mixture of technological and behavioural change and be tailored to the economic, cultural and technological conditions in each country.     

厌氧—混凝—高级氧化工艺处理转运站污水的中试研究

开发了转运站污水厌氧生化调节池和基于混凝沉淀及高级氧化技术的快速处理设备,在转运站现场建立中试系统,优化系统运行的工艺参数,研究中试规模下组合工艺对转运站污水的处理效果,并进行了技术经济分析。该组合工艺可将CODCr从进水的15 000 mg/L降至1 230 mg/L,油脂从进水的10 000 mg/L以上降至50 mg/L,色度去除率在90%以上,出水澄清透明且无恶臭。     

Utilization of soda residue and ground granulated blast furnace slag to stabilize/solidify sewage sludge in leachate soaking environment

This study investigated sewage sludge stabilized/solidified with soda residue (SR) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) after being dewatered with quicklime. The soaking durability test was conducted on the solidified sludge in tap water or landfill leachate. The toxicity and mineralogical characteristics of the solidified sludge were evaluated. The results showed that the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the solidified sludge met the strength requirement for use as a temporary cover material (≥ 50 kPa) for a short time (< 7 d). The solidified sludge had considerable soaking durability because UCS increased with the soaking time. The increase in the GGBS dosage improved the soaking durability of the solidified sludge. The UCS values of sludge solidified with 50% SR and 30% GGBS (sample S5G3) and with 80% SR (sample S8G0) after soaking in leachate for 60 d were 712.9 and 82.6 kPa, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that hydration products, such as ettringite, Friedel's salt, gismondine, brushite, and hydrocalumite, contributed to the strength, soaking durability, and leachability performance of the solidified sludge. The inhibition of some hydration reactions and precipitation of ettringite and calcite on the surface of the specimens soaked in leachate led to a lower strength than that soaked in tap water. Sample S5G3 has the potential to be used as a filling or construction material, and sample S8G0 is suitable to be used as a temporary cover material in landfill.     

The management of South Africa’s landfills and waste pickers on them: Impacting lives and livelihoods

Effective management of waste and the promotion and management of recycling activities are necessary for sustainable and liveable cities. A key but unrecognised element in promoting recycling is the efforts of waste pickers who make a living from recycling mainline recyclables. This article aims to describe the approaches used on 10 landfills in South Africa to manage waste pickers’ access to recyclables and their daily activities on the landfills. A multiple case study design and cross-case analysis were used in this study. The sustainable livelihoods framework (SLF) was used to analyse and explain the data. The results showed that waste management policies and practices directly influence the waste pickers’ access to recyclable waste and their livelihoods. Finally, some inclusionary and exclusionary practices are highlighted that could guide inclusive, participatory and co-productive practices for waste pickers in South Africa towards increased recognition, access, dignity and income.