水动力条件下蓝藻水华生消的模拟实验研究与探讨

蓝藻水华是当今世界共同面临的重大水污染问题之一。通过室内模拟实验,在温度、光照、初始pH值和营养盐等基本条件相同的前提下,模拟水流流速分别为10、20、30、40 cm/s时铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)水华的产生与消亡过程。实验表明,在10~40 cm/s流速区间里藻类生长周期随流速增大而变长,藻类最大现存量在40 cm/s流速下最大,在10 cm/s流速下最小,流速为30 cm/s时藻类比增率最大,较适合藻类生存,在整个水华暴发过程中水体氮磷营养浓度呈下降趋势,水体的pH、DO和Ec变化不大。     

Initial report on identification and toxicity of Microcystis in King Talal Reservoir, Jordan

The cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa forms extensive summer blooms in the King Talal Reservoir, the largest water body in Jordan. The occurrence of the blooms is a function of the water temperature, light intensity and nutrient concentration, with the nitrogen and phosphorus levels being critical factors. This initial study indicated that the time of the seasonal maximum and intensity of Microcystis blooms in the King Talal Reservoir vary significantly from month to month, with a peak reached in summer. The low nutrient concentrations were observed prior to the summer season. There was a rapid, extensive proliferation of M. aeruginosa during the summer of the same year, especially from 1–30 June to 30 November. The LD₅₀ of microcystin in Balb/c was found to be 50 µL kg^?1. Additional studies will provide further information on various aspects of the identification and toxicity of the selected cyanobacterial species.     

铜绿微囊藻对Cd~(2+)胁迫的生理生化响应

为探讨重金属离子Cd~(2+)对铜绿微囊藻的毒性效应,通过室内实验,研究了铜绿微囊藻在不同Cd~(2+)浓度胁迫下的生理生化变化。结果表明:1 Cd~(2+)对铜绿微囊藻具有明显的毒害作用,Cd~(2+)对铜绿微囊藻的24hEC_(50)、48h-EC_(50)、72h-EC_(50)、96h-EC_(50)分别为0.978,0.863,0.646,0.302 mg/L,随着作用时间的延长,EC_(50)显著降低(P0.05);2在Cd~(2+)胁迫下,铜绿微囊藻的光合生理特性受到不同程度的影响,叶绿素荧光特性Fv/Fm、Y[Ⅱ]、ETR、q P变化趋势基本一致,且与叶绿素a都表现出剂量-效应关系;3 Cd~(2+)诱导藻细胞产生氧化应激反映,其中丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著升高(P0.05),且随暴露时间延长,氧化应激强度增大。综上,重金属离子Cd~(2+)能够抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,阻碍其光合作用,同时造成氧化应激效应。     

淡水藻类生长的环境影响因子分析——以铜绿微囊藻为例

淡水藻类的快速生长易导致水体"水华"。藻类生长受其自身生理特征和外界环境因子共同作用。选取"水华"爆发常见的藻种——铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,通过总结国内外相关实验以及理论研究成果,分析环境因子包括氮、磷营养盐(浓度、形态及氮磷比)、光照(强度和周期)、温度、pH、盐度及水力扰动对其生长的影响。基于上述讨论分析总结藻类生长的适宜环境条件,提出抑制藻类"水华"的必要控制措施和相关技术构想。     

Effect of fluid motion on colony formation in Microcystis aeruginosa

Microcystis aeruginosa, generally occurring in large colonies under natural conditions, mainly exists as single cells in laboratory cultures. The mechanisms involved in colony formation in Microcystis aeruginosa and their roles in algal blooms remain unknown. In this study, based on previous research findings that fluid motion may stimulate the colony formation in green algae, culture experiments were conducted under axenic conditions in a circular water chamber where the flow rate, temperature, light, and nutrients were controlled. The number of cells of Microcystis aeruginosa, the number of cells per colony, and the colonial characteristics in various growth phases were observed and measured. The results indicated that the colony formation in Microcystis aeruginosa, which was not observed under stagnant conditions, was evident when there was fluid motion, with the number of cells per largest colony reaching 120 and the proportion of the number of cells in colonial form to the total number of cells and the mean number of cells per colony reaching their peak values at a flow rate of 35 cm/s. Based on the analysis of colony formation process, fluid motion stimulates the colony formation in Microcystis aeruginosa in the lag growth phase, while flushes and disaggregates the colonies in the exponential growth phase. The stimulation effect in the lag growth phase may be attributable to the involvement of fluid motion in a series of physiological processes, including the uptake of trace elements and the synthesis and secretion of polysaccharides. In addition, the experimental groups exhibiting typical colonial characteristics in the lag growth phase were found to have higher cell biomass in the later phase.     

铁在不同磷源条件下对铜绿微囊藻生长与产毒的影响

针对磷和微量元素铁对藻类生长的共同作用,研究不同磷源下藻细胞生长与产毒过程中磷与铁的共同作用特性。试验选用产毒铜绿微囊藻为藻种,以硝态氮为氮源,分别以磷酸氢二钾(K_2HPO_4)、小分子有机磷甘油磷酸钠(Na Gly)和大分子有机磷卵磷脂(LEC)为磷源,同步考察不同铁离子(Fe~(3+))浓度下藻类的生长与产毒表现。结果表明:K_2HPO_4和NaGly是藻细胞优先利用的磷源,在这两种磷源条件下,藻细胞的生长与产毒均得到促进,藻细胞平均粒径随培养时间保持稳定; LEC不利于藻细胞的生长与产毒,且藻细胞平均粒径波动较大。在对数增长期中,叶绿素a与胞内藻毒素(MC-LR)呈现正相关关系,在培养过程中藻细胞胞内总磷与藻液中总的碱性磷酸酶活性并未显现出相关性。不同磷源下微量元素铁对藻细胞的生长状况影响不同,NaGly与铁的协同作用更有利于藻细胞的生长与产毒。     

5种天然植物对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效果研究

以5种天然植物为抑藻材料,研究了植物干粉、水浸提液、厌氧15 d浸泡液对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,对不同抑藻剂进行筛选与分析,确定最佳抑藻剂。结果表明:5种抑藻材料干粉的抑制效果明显,均可以达到100%;小麦秆、黄连水浸提液的抑藻率达90%以上,烟叶水浸提液的抑藻率达80%左右,艾叶水浸提液的抑藻率达70%左右;黄连、大蒜、艾叶厌氧15 d浸泡液抑制效果均达到了100%。试验过程中出现的絮状体、细胞壁破裂等现象,为抑藻剂抑藻机理的研究提供了可靠的试验依据。     

Response of Microcystis and Stephanodiscus to Alternative Flow Regimes of the Regulated River Nakdong (South Korea) Quantified By Model Ensembles Based on the Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm (HEA)

This study demonstrates the use of inferential models for scenario analyses by simulating direct and indirect effects of predictor variables on state variables through model ensembles. Two model ensembles have been designed to predict the response of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and the diatom Stephanodiscus hantzschii to modified flow regimes of the River Nakdong (Korea) by a scenario analysis. Whilst flow‐independent predictor variables of growth of Microcystis and Stephanodiscus such as water temperature and pH remain unchanged during the scenario analysis, flow‐dependent predictor variables such as turbidity, electrical conductivity, phosphate, nitrate, silica and chlorophyll a are forecasted by inferential models. In the course of scenario analysis, flow‐independent and flow‐dependent predictor variables feed into the Microcystis and Stephanodiscus models to make sure that both direct and indirect effects of altered flow regimes are taken into account. The eight inferential models that were incorporated into the model ensembles have been developed by the hybrid evolutionary algorithm based on 19 years of time‐series monitored in the River Nakdong between 1993 and 2012. The models achieved good accuracy in terms of timing and magnitudes reflected by coefficients of determination r² = 0.94 for Microcystis and r² = 0.83 for Stephanodiscus. The scenario analysis revealed that extreme summer blooms of Microcystis as observed between 1994 and 1997, and winter blooms of Stephanodiscus as observed between 1994 and 1997 and in 2004 can be prevented in the River Nakdong by adaptive management of seasonal water release from adjacent dams. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

改性植物单宁对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果与机理EI北大核心CSCD

研究了改性植物单宁(Tanfloc)絮凝对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果、影响因素及机理。10 mg/L的Tanfloc投加量下,10 min内即可获得94%的高去除率,而当投加量进一步增加时,去除率反而略有下降。Tanfloc具有较宽的初始pH值适用范围,在酸性条件下和弱碱性条件下(pH值不大于9.0),藻去除率均超过90%;而在强碱性条件下(pH值不小于10.0),藻去除率逐渐下降。Tanfloc在高藻细胞密度(大于4.87×10^(9)个/L)下可以获得大于95%的高除藻效果。水体pH值会影响除藻机理,pH值为5.5、8.0和9.5时,电中和、静电簇和架桥作用分别是除藻的主要影响因素。     

The influence of environmental conditions and hydrologic connectivity on cyanobacteria assemblages in two drowned river mouth lakes

We evaluated the temporal and spatial variability of cyanotoxins, water chemistry, and cyanobacteria communities in two lakes of different trophic status. Bear Lake is a hypereutrophic system that flows into mesotrophic Muskegon Lake. Total microcystins (MC) in Bear Lake (mean, 1.66 μg/L) were composed of multiple structural analogs: 43% MC-LR, 50% MC-RR, and 7% MC-YR. Total microcystins in Muskegon Lake (mean, 0.52 μg/L) consisted of MC-LR (76%), MC-RR (14%), MC-YR (6%), and MC-LA (3%). The lakes were dominated by the cyanobacteria Microcystis spp., which accounted for 75% of phytoplankton biovolume in Bear Lake and > 90% in Muskegon Lake. Total microcystin concentration was positively correlated with cyanobacteria biovolume and turbidity (Muskegon Lake) and total phosphorus (Bear Lake), while negatively correlated with ammonia (Bear Lake) and nitrate (both lakes). The relationships between microcystins and environmental factors differed between lakes, despite hydrologic connectivity, suggesting that local conditions have a greater influence on toxin production than regional effects. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was found in both systems; however, the assemblage does not appear to be capable of producing cylindrospermopsin due to the absence of the PKS gene. Although the Bear Lake discharge appears to be the source of C. raciborskii, the physical/chemical properties of Muskegon Lake (lower turbidity and temperature, higher nitrate) may constrain the growth of this invasive species. Thus, local conditions in each lake are important in determining which species are capable of maintaining a viable population.