河道中在建工程抗洪抢险的关键技术措施

2012年3月上旬,峡江水利枢纽工程遭遇历史罕见早汛,超过了其二期枯水围堰设计导流8 620 m3/s的流量标准。 为此,上级要求必须确保该围堰在11 000 m3/s流量范围内安全过洪。武警水电部队在该围堰抢险过程中科学运用“洪水管理削控洪峰流量、工程措施提高抗洪能力”的抗洪抢险策略,采用了拓展河床过流断面、削减控制洪峰流量、围堰加高加固三项关键技术措施,使该围堰成功抵御了10 600 m3/s洪峰和持续50 h大于8 620 m3/s的超标流量,为河道中在建的类似工程的抗洪抢险提供了宝贵经验。     

Interstate Water Conflicts and Individual Rights

Abstract

This study addresses the right of individuals to participate in equitable apportionment actions in the United States Supreme Court involving the allocation of interstate water resources. Given the scope of the parens patriae doctrine, the state represents the interests of all of the state's citizens. This limits the role of individuals to that of amicus curiae (“friend of the court”). Furthermore, any allocation of interstate water resources is likely to be a mass allocation to the state parties to the litigation. Such an allocation may not be sufficient to fulfill all of the demands for water in the respective states. Finally, after noting that individual water rights are “incomplete” forms of property rights that derive from the rights of the state, the study concludes that it may be in the best interest of individual water users to attempt to resolve interstate water conflicts by means other than litigation in the Supreme Court.     

Global Water Demand and Supply Projections

Abstract

This paper presents a modeling approach for projections of water demand and supply for domestic, industrial, livestock, and irrigation at the basin or country level in a global scope. Particular emphasis is put on simulating water availability for crops taking into account total renewable water, non-irrigation water demand, water supply infrastructure, and economic and environmental policies at the basin or country level. This paper focuses on concepts and methodology involved in the modeling exercise. Data assessment and results are presented in a companion paper (Rosegrant and Cai, 2002).     

Estimation of the Water Resources Potential in the Island System of the Aegean Archipelago,Greece

Abstract

The present paper tries to estimate the surface water resources potential in some of the major Aegean islands in an effort to provide a means for the continuous development of the region, and, by extension, for similar areas around the world. The islands have to confront the challenge of surviving in a semiarid environment under the constraints of uneven water resources distribution both in space and time. In addition to these, tourism development, industrialization and highly water consumptive life styles have exacerbated perennial problems in water resources and water resources management. The framework of the present effort has a two-prong emphasis. In the first part, a simulation model is presented, which tries to estimate the potential surface runoff under physical, structural organizational, and institutional constraints. The methodology and the premises of the simulation process are delineated. In the second part, the results of the model's application in distinct cases are demarcated. The final product, namely the model and the resulting runoff coefficients, are presented in the form of a standard, which may provide practitioners in the field as well as decisionmakers the means for an initial reference in pertinent developmental efforts. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations raise the question of ecosystem resilience and point towards the urgent and continuous need for the application of integrated water resources management principles.     

Model-based Regional Assessment of Water Use An Example for Semi-arid Northeastern Brazil

Abstract

Water use assessments are a necessary prerequisite for sustainable water resources management and planning in river basins, federal states, or countries. For reasons of transparency, flexibility, ease of update, and the possibility to generate scenarios of future water use, such assessments are best carried out by applying a water use model. To support water resources planning in two federal states of semi-arid Northeastern Brazil, Ceará and Piauí, the regional-scale water use model NoWUM was developed. It computes withdrawal and consumptive water use for each of 332 municipalities, distinguishing five water use sectors: irrigation, livestock, households, industry, and tourism. The model is suited to simulate the impact of global change and of management measures on water demand. Using NoWUM, the present-day water use situation in Ceará and Piauí is assessed. In addition, the impact of inter-annual climate variability and long-term climate change on irrigation requirements is considered. Scarce and uncertain input data lead to a high level of uncertainty in the model results. It is likely that water use in the most important sector, irrigation, is underestimated, while industrial water use is possibly overestimated. With some modifications, NoWUM has the potential to be applied for water use assessments in other data-poor regions of the globe.     

Public-Private Partnerships in the Water Sector

Abstract

Types of partnerships between public and private companies in water and sewage services are evaluated on the basis of the economic efficiency of the scheme for each partner. Modeling of public-private partnerships involves the formulation of a contract prototype, which determines the roles, functions, and responsibilities as well as the allocation of costs and revenues for each partner. Alternative water management scenarios are used to identify the investments required for meeting the projected demand for water and sewage services. Investment and operational costs as well as revenues from water and sewage services are estimated according to the allocation defined in the contract prototype. The economic efficiency of the scheme is assessed through a cost benefit analysis for each partner. The evaluation of different water management scenarios indicates that, for the Cyclades Islands, Greece, there is a substantial water market where several forms of partnerships could be attractive for both the public and the private sectors. Such partnerships include, among others, lease purchase, temporary privatization, built operate transfer (BOT), and built own operate transfer (BOOT). These forms of public-private partnerships could also be successful in similar regions where significant improvements and expansion of the infrastructure is required while access to the required funds and expertise is restricted for small public water companies.     

Irrigation infrastructure development in the Limarí Basin in Central Chile: implications for adaptation to climate variability and climate change

One option to deal with climate variability in agriculture is to build irrigation infrastructure, although this may lead to the overdevelopment of water resources, leading to ‘basin closure’. The Limarí Basin, in central north Chile, has relied on irrigation infrastructure over the last 30 years to increase water supply reliability and extend irrigated acreage, especially for permanent crops. This situation has reduced adaptation opportunities in the basin, which is currently experiencing a severe drought that, according to climate change projections, is expected to persist in the future, with important consequences for the sustainability of agriculture production.     

An Historical Perspective on the Administration of Water in Brazil

Abstract

This article focuses on two instruments of water resources management—charging for water and reallocation of water use through a water market. Charging for water in nature has been practiced for centuries in some cases. On the other hand, a culture of free access to water was dominant in most countries during ancient times. An historical review of the charging of water and its administration is presented. The article covers the time of ancient Rome to the present. A current example is the model practiced in the semi-arid region of Ceará State in northeast Brazil. Regarding water use reallocation by a water market, as an alternative to improve water efficiency, the experience presented comes from the south of Ceará State one century ago. Based on past experience, the article then presents a model to implement a water market bounded in space to an irrigation district, and in time to periods of water deficit in reservoirs. Six prerequisites of market-based transfers of water are analyzed, and it is shown that in the proposed model they can be addressed.     

亭子口水利枢纽电站水轮机结构综述

结合亭子口水利枢纽工程电站水轮机的结构特点,分类叙述了水轮机各部件结构及关键技术参数,提出转轮安装过程中应严控上下迷宫环间隙,机组运行过程中应定期检查转轮,确保机组振/摆监测、水力量测中压力脉动传感器的安装及最终脉动测量值的准确性,坚持对水导轴承强迫循环油泵的预防性检修,机组运行后定期检查各部轴承间隙及磨损情况,以准确判断机组运行工况,降低运行成本,减少维护成本.     

亭子口水利枢纽工程环境保护实践

嘉陵江亭子口水利枢纽地处川北革命老区,生态环境较好,环境保护要求高;移民按照国务院471号令实施.工程建设遵循国家环境保护的基本国策,确立了建设“绿色工程”的环保目标,按照本项目的特点,科学规划,创新管理模式,采取过硬措施,满足环保投资,使环境保护与枢纽工程同时规划、同时建设、同时投入使用,见到了实效.