Cost Uncertainty and Unilateral Abatement

Unilateral abatement is sometimes advocated in order to set a good example that will make other countries follow. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether existence of correlated cost uncertainty provides an incentive for a country to undertake unilateral abatement. The theoretical model is driven by two main mechanisms; first, a learning effect, as the follower country might reduce its risk premium as it can observe the cost level in the leader country. Second, there is the public good effect, i.e., the marginal benefit of abatement declines when abatement is a public good and other countries contribute to pollution reductions. Results shows that unilateral abatement would be efficient in reducing uncertainty about the unit costs of abatement if a country with low cost uncertainty would undertake abatement first, while a country with initially high cost uncertainty would follow. However, countries may prefer to act simultaneously because of the larger uncertainties that are inherent in a sequential game.      

水稻节水条件下氮素的利用及环境效应分析

为了揭示稻田不同节水灌溉与施肥管理方式下氮素迁移转化与利用损失规律,以指导水稻田的水肥管理,以水稻生育期田间水分氮素监测试验为基础,运用Hydrus-1D结合一阶动力学方法建立模型,对不同节水灌溉、肥料管理条件下的氮素运移进行模拟,并以反演的综合一阶动力学系数作为统一的评价指标,对不同方案处理下的氮素利用效率及环境效应进行分析评价。结果表明,植物吸收利用对于分蘖期、拔节孕穗期和抽穗开花期土壤水中氮素变化速率的影响比较显著;而氮素的主要损失差异在于分蘖肥和拔节肥导致的分蘖期和拔节孕穗期氨挥发损失效率大,以及分蘖期、抽穗开花期和乳熟期NO3-的反硝化作用造成的氮素变化差异明显;浅灌深蓄(G1)的NO3-综合一阶动力学系数较浅勤灌溉(G2)小,NO3-损失速率较小;施用氮肥(135 kg/hm2)(F1)施肥模式、(G1)灌溉模式下的植物吸收效率较另两种模式高,对应产量也较高;建议采用浅灌深蓄(G1)的节灌方式,同时采取分次施肥、深施等措施减少氨挥发损失,对于提高稻田氮素利用率尤为重要。     

春季小浪底出库水氨氮含量显著变化调查研究

通过对小浪底水库从入库至出库不同水深水质进行监测,并以入库水质全年最差时段采集的水样为研究对象,模拟研究泥沙对氨氮的吸附与解吸能力,以及硝酸盐氮在小浪底水库水环境(表层水有氧水环境和深层水缺氧水环境)下转化为氨氮的情况。小浪底水库水质监测及模拟研究结果表明:春季小浪底出库水氨氮含量显著增加不是小浪底水库底泥释放氨氮所致,也不是硝酸盐氮在小浪底水库水环境转化所致,而是水库上游输入引起的。     

滁州花山水文实验流域氮流失特征分析

以滁州花山水文实验流域为研究对象,研究不同土地利用类型中各种形态的氮随径流流失的特征。基于2012年10月—2013年9月滁州花山水文实验流域氮素实验观测数据,对流域的氮随径流流失的特征进行了分析。结果表明:林地比重较大的集水区域径流中的TN质量浓度和NO-3-N质量浓度较高,农田比重较大的集水区域径流中的NH3-N质量浓度较高;在林地面积比例较大集水区域,TN质量浓度与NO-3-N质量浓度有较好的相关性;而在耕地面积比例较大的集水区域,TN质量浓度与NH3-N质量浓度表现出较好的相关性。对于嵌套子流域,NO-3-N质量浓度沿河道往下游随集水区域的增大和森林覆被比例的减少而呈逐渐递减趋势;在农田非施肥季节,各个月的TN质量浓度空间上自上而下随森林覆被比例的减少而呈逐渐递减趋势,而NH3-N质量浓度变化较小;在施肥季节,TN质量浓度随NH3-N质量浓度的上升而上升。研究还发现:研究区域汪郢左支断面和军事牌断面的集水区域林地比重高达99.92%以上,虽然人类活动较少,但TN质量浓度较高,分别为2.830 mg/L和4.028 mg/L,高于集水区域农田比重较大的竹园沟断面和新坝断面(两断面农田比重分别为39.59%和35.63%),分别是竹园沟断面和新坝断面的1.42~2.51倍、2.02~3.57倍;这一事实与人们通常的认识不一致,值得进一步深入研究。     

淮河流域水质污染时空变异特征分析

选取淮河流域的82个水质监测站,对各站点的1986—2005年水质监测数据进行统计分析,探讨了全流域内水体污染物浓度变化的时空变异特征,为淮河流域水污染治理、水环境保护以及生态修复提供依据。采用时间序列法分析水体污染物浓度的时间变化规律,应用Mann-Kendall检验法对流域范围内水体污染物浓度变化趋势进行了分析。研究结果表明,淮河流域水质变化主要受到入河排污量、上游来水量、闸坝调控方式以及气候条件等方面因素的影响。蚌埠站的水体污染物浓度多年变化规律表明,1995年是水体污染物浓度变化的转折点,1995年前水体污染物浓度不断恶化,1995年后水体污染物浓度逐渐好转。DO浓度的年内变化主要受到水温的影响,表现为冬季浓度高于夏季浓度;CODMn浓度同时受到闸坝调控方式以及区域来水量的影响,汛期浓度低于非汛期。从全流域的水体污染物浓度变化规律看,有机污染物浓度呈显著上升趋势的河段主要分布在淮北支流上,说明在20世纪90年代后期,虽然流域进入相对丰水期以及进行了大规模的水污染联防工作,淮河流域水质污染得到了一定程度的改善。但在2000年后,随着流域内入河污水量和污染物排放量的增加,淮河流域的水质污染依然严重。     

CAST工艺设计计算方法探讨

分析了目前国内CAST工艺采用的几种设计计算方法的共同之处、各自特点及存在的问题。在此基础上,结合多年实际设计运行经验,提出并推荐一种新的设计计算方法。该推荐方法以满足生物反应需要作为制约因素进行设计和计算,并根据生物处理目标所确定的泥龄和生产实际运行所能达到的混合液污泥浓度来推算污泥总量、反应池有效容积及其他设计数据,排除了凭经验设计计算的任意性。最后介绍了推荐方法在实际工程中的应用情况。     

Mathematical model to identify nitrogen variability in large rivers

The river Swale in Yorkshire, northern England has been the subject of many studies concerning water quality. This paper builds on existing data resources and previous 1D river water quality modelling applications at daily resolution (using QUESTOR) to provide a different perspective on understanding pollution, through simulation of the short‐term dynamics of nutrient transport along the river. The two main objectives are (1) building, calibration and evaluation of a detailed mathematical model (Advection‐Dispersion Model: ADModel), for nutrient transport under unsteady flow conditions and (2) the development of methods for estimating key parameters characterizing pollutant transport (velocity, dispersion coefficient and transformation rates) as functions of hydrological parameters and/or seasonality. The study of ammonium and nitrate has highlighted temporal variability in processes, with maximum nitrification and denitrification rates during autumn. Results show that ADModel is able to predict the main trend of measured concentration with reasonable accuracy and accounts for temporal changes in water flow and pollutant load along the river. Prediction accuracy could be improved through more detailed modelling of transformation processes by taking into account the variability of factors for which existing data were insufficient to allow representation. For example, modelling indicates that interactions with bed sediment may provide an additional source of nutrients during high spring flows. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

渭河中下游及主要支流氮素沿程变化与来源

渭河作为黄河的第一大支流正面临日益严重的人类活动的影响。本研究以渭河中下游为研究区,探讨干流和主要支流水化学特征及硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)污染状况、沿程变化和可能影响因子。研究结果表明:渭河中下游及其支流水质以铵态氮超标为主。人类活动的影响已经广泛波及流域内干流和支流,部分采样点结果已经接近饮用水标准临界值。对NH4+-N而言,中游和支流流域应以防止点源污染为主,而下游则需全面加强环境保护工作,特别是污水排放的管理。对NO3--N而言,宝鸡和渭南的下游方向将是重点防范区,而支流的水肥合理利用应全面推广。     

紫色土丘陵区典型生态-水文单元径流与氮磷输移特征

通过对紫色土丘陵区典型农业-集镇-林地复合型小流域3次降雨-径流全过程的连续监测,测定了径流过程中泥沙含量和不同形态氮磷浓度,以期认识典型农村生态-水文单元降雨径流过程中氮磷迁移规律。结果表明：降雨-径流过程中悬浮泥沙的流失主要集中在径流前期,其峰值出现在雨强最大时;集镇径流污染的影响主要表现在径流前期,是径流前期铵态氮偏高的主因;降雨-径流过程中,颗粒态氮与可溶态氮比（PN/DN）、颗粒态磷与可溶态磷比（PP/DP）的峰值均出现在雨强较大时：其中 PN/DN 多小于1,而 PP/DP 范围为1.1~30.2,说明氮素流失主要通过可溶态的方式,而磷的迁移以颗粒态磷为主。因此在紫色丘陵区建议利用湿地植物与沉砂池等综合措施控制土壤侵蚀和非点源污染以保护当地生态环境安全。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus changes and optimal drainage time of flooded paddy field based on environmental factors

While many controlled irrigation and drainage techniques have been adopted in China, the environmental effects of these techniques require further investigation. This study was conducted to examine the changes of nitrogen and phosphorus of a flooded paddy water system after fertilizer application and at each growth stage so as to obtain the optimal drainage time at each growth stage. Four treatments with different water level management methods at each growth stage were conducted under the condition of ten-day continuous flooding. Results show that the ammonia nitrogen (NH⁺₄-N ) concentration reached the peak value once the fertilizer was applied, and then decreased to a relatively low level seven to ten days later, and that the nitrate nitrogen (NO^-₃-N) concentration gradually rose to its peak value, which appeared later in subsurface water than in surface water. Continuous flooding could effectively reduce the concentrations of NH⁺₄-N, NO^-₃-N , and total phosphorus (TP) in surface water. However, the paddy water disturbance, in the process of soil surface adsorption and nitrification, caused NH⁺₄-N to be released and increased the concentrations of NH⁺₄-N and NO^-₃-N in surface water. A multi-objective controlled drainage model based on environmental factors was established in order to obtain the optimal drainage time at each growth stage and better guide the drainage practices of farmers. The optimal times for surface drainage are the fourth, sixth, fifth, and sixth days after flooding at the tillering, jointing-booting, heading-flowering, and milking stages, respectively.