坝王河羡塘至大井、小井河段开发方式研究

针对坝王河流域忽明忽暗、明伏交替、落水洞遍布、地下暗河系统发育等强喀斯特特点,拟对羡塘至大井、小井河段的开发采取分段开发的思路,上河段为合理规避河段喀斯特渗漏问题,采用长隧洞引水方式;下河段为避开地下暗河系统和渗漏河段,选择成库条件较为可靠的坝址和引水线路较短的开发方案.其工程经验可供类似流域开发借鉴.     

黄河下游河湾平面参数特性及其实验研究

以黄河下游,尤其是游荡型河段的研究资料为背景,通过模型试验,在分析河势变化过程的基础上,运用数学统计与理论探讨,研究了不同水沙条件下河湾中心角、河湾半径和河湾跨度的变化趋势,初步揭示了随水沙、比降条件的改变,河势的变化过程,总结出河流在边界条件改变后河势演变的特点,对预测河道演变趋势,有效地河道整治具有一定的意义。     

区域层面河湖功能区划研究——以太湖流域为例

河湖功能区划是加强流域管理的一项新举措.对于自然属性和社会经济属性较为均一的区域,河流功能难以按其沿河道的空间分异性进行划分.基于这一特点,提出了区域层面河湖功能区划的概念,建立了由因素层、区划层和功能层构成的区域层面河湖功能区划体系,并提出了区划的方法和程序.进行了太湖流域区域层面河湖功能区划实践,将该区域共划分为3类13个河湖功能区,给出了每一区的功能定位和管理措施.结果表明,区域层面河湖功能区划的概念与方法合理可行,为平原河网区的河湖管理提供了一个新途径.     

Large wood aids spawning Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in marginal habitat on a regulated river in California

To determine whether large wood (LW, ≥1‐m length, ≥10‐cm diameter) plays a role in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redd (i.e. egg nest) placements in a regulated, Mediterranean‐climate, medium‐sized river (where channel width is less than the upper quartile of length of potential instream wood pieces), characteristics of 527 large wood pieces, locations of 650 redds, and mesohabitat delineations (riffle, run, glide, pool) were collected during a spawning season along a 7.7 km reach directly below Camanche Dam on the Mokelumne River, CA. LW was regularly distributed across the study reach an average 70 LW pieces km^‐1. Some LW clustering was evident at islands and meander bends. Spawners built 85% of redds within one average channel width (31 m) of LW. Spawners utilized LW within a 10 m radius 36% of the time in the upper 3 km rehabilitated reach, and 44% of the time in the lower 4.7 km marginal habitat reach. A greater percentage of LW was utilized in riffles in the upper 3 km reach where 90% of redds were built, while a larger percentage of spawners used LW in riffles in the lower 4.7 km reach. LW‐redd interactions occurred at greater rates than by random chance alone in the lower 4.7 km reach, which implies that LW aids spawning in marginal habitats. River managers and salmonid spawning habitat rehabilitation (SHR) projects should take LW additions into consideration as an important component of river rehabilitation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Water quality in the southern Tibetan Plateau: chemical evaluation of the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra)

Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) is the largest river system draining the northern slopes of the Himalayan ranges on the southern Tibetan Plateau. It remains one of only two large non‐regulated rivers in China. In this paper the chemical composition of Yarlung Tsangpo and its major tributaries (Raga Tsangpo, Nyangchu and Lhasa River) are studied. Water samples (n = 55) were collected and measured for major ions, trace elements and nutrients in order to: (1) define the present chemical quality of this water course; (2) address possible mechanisms governing the water chemical compositions, and (3) identify potential sources for contaminants. Multivariable analysis shows that geology and climate are the major explanatory variables for the spatial variation in water chemistry in this river system. In general, water chemistry is mainly controlled by carbonate weathering, with Ca²⁺ and HCO being the dominant ions. In addition, runoff from brackish/saline lakes and geothermal waters, enriched in Na⁺, Cl^?, SO, Mg²⁺ and Li, are major contributors of elevated concentrations of these solutes in the headwater regions resulting in a relatively high loading of total dissolved solids (TDS, 146–397 mg L^?1). Levels of most heavy metals and total dissolved nutrients were generally found to be low. However, elevated As concentration (avg. 95 μg L^?1) in the headwaters and additions from untreated wastewater were evident at some locations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

霍童溪流域水库群防洪服务信息系统

霍童溪流域是宁德市防洪重点流域,流域内水库众多,其中大、中型水库7座。水库间存在着串、并连等多种复杂关系,多座水库同时具有供水、防洪与发电等多种功能并存的特点。霍童溪流域水库群防洪服务信息系统基于GIS以图表形式进行概化处理、展现多种水情信息。基于GIS将流域划分为若干个具有独立地理单元、有均匀雨量站分布的子流域,进而开发分布式洪水预报模型,为水库群合理调度决策提供支撑。     

西安市浐灞河下游水质污染状况评价

为了调查西安市浐灞河下游水环境污染的状况,本文整理了2010年1-4月份浐灞河下游河段13个断面水质监测数据,主要是COD、NH3-N和BOD,并根据国家现行环境质量标准GB3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》,对浐灞河下游水质进行了详细的评价。分析结果表明:浐河咸宁桥以上均满足相应水质标准,咸宁桥以下污染严重,主要是COD监测均值已超Ⅴ类水质标准;灞河在浐灞交汇口以上均满足相应水质标准,浐灞交汇口以下污染严重,为劣Ⅴ类水质。     

G107跨木刀沟大桥改建防洪影响评价

木刀沟大桥是G107公路网的重要组成部分,工程跨越磁河,研究其对防洪影响具有重要意义。该文根据河流多年实测资料和防洪标准,计算桥位处的水位、壅水高度与长度、浪高及冲刷等。结果表明,大桥改建后,对河道行洪、河势稳定及防洪安全等满足防洪标准要求。     

多元因子分析模型在河流健康评价中的应用——以苏子河水质特性研究为例

为顺应河流生态可持续发展,提出健康河流、生命河流等概念,维持河流生态系统健康已经成为流域综合管理的必然趋势。综合运用水文学、水力学、泥沙地貌学和水生生态学的基本理论和方法研究河流生态健康的表征因子,确定各因子的阈值,建立流域性水体水质可续发展评价体系。以河流可持续发展为基础,引用代表性的相关指标进行筛选,对流域水质指标进行数值化分析,以苏子河流域水质特性为研究对象,选取出评估河流健康状况的环境因子,客观反映出中小河流域健康状况,为河流的可持续管理和生态环境建设提供参考。     

南水北调中线小南河串流片防洪水位计算

传统的多河流串流计算主要采用水库联调的方法,把串流的各条河流概化为静态水库,库水位水平且不考虑横向流动。为解决串流区水流的横向流动及水面线并不总像库水位一样水平的问题,采用二维非恒定流数学模型计算串流区洪水演进。通过概化地形、考虑入流、糙率、边界条件和水流的横向流动等因素,计算出了整个串流区域的水面线、水深、流速、出流等水力要素,并给出洪水演进模拟图,为确定河流与总干渠交叉建筑物的规模、总干渠左岸沿线水面线和对沿线村庄、农田的防洪影响提供了可靠的依据。