中水源热泵地板供暖运行策略分析

为研究中水源热泵地板供暖系统的节能策略,以石家庄市某实际运行小区的中水源热泵地板辐射供暖系统为对象,引入室外综合温度的概念,综合考虑室外气温、太阳辐射热与风速等环境因子的影响,推导得出了地板辐射供暖系统质调节情况下,保证热用户舒适度的二次网供、回水温度调节公式。经实际运行测试,由该调节公式计算得出的二次网供、回水温度作为地板辐射供暖系统分时段质调节的依据,可以在满足热用户舒适度要求的情况下,取得良好的节能效果。中水源热泵系统与地板辐射供暖系统的结合及推广为城市集中供热提供了新思路。     

我国农村饮用水安全现状、问题及政府管制

农村饮用水安全是关系农村居民生活质量和生命安全的大问题。农村饮用水安全具有公共性,需要政府进行管理。我国农村饮用水安全问题主要体现在水质差、水量不足、取水不便、不能保证供给等方面。为此,需要政府投入和民间筹资多方支持,同时政府应加大宣传力度,加强农村配套设施建设,以消除农村饮用水存在的安全问题和隐患。     

Post OPA-90 Vessel Oil Transfer Spill Prevention: The Effectiveness of Coast Guard Enforcement

Although oil spills from tanker accidents receive the most publicity, most vessel spills are not the result of accidents but of oil transfer activities. We investigate determinants of the size of vessel oil transfer spills as well as the effectiveness of Coast Guard enforcement activities in reducing their size. Vessel out-of-water and in-water oil transfer spillage functions are estimated utilizing tobit regression and detailed data on individual vessel oil transfer spills as well as Coast Guard safety/environmental enforcement activity data for the 1991–1995 period. Our estimation results suggest that Coast Guard hull but not machinery inspections are effective in reducing both out-of-water and in-water spills; patrols by air, but not by boat, are effective in reducing out-of-water spills; but neither is effective in reducing in-water spills. The results also show that the type of vessel (oil- and non-oil-cargo), vessel characteristics, vessel operations, weather/visibility conditions, and waterway type are determinants of post OPA-90 vessel oil transfer spills.     

The water footprints of Morocco and the Netherlands: Global water use as a result of domestic consumption of agricultural commodities

The volume of international trade in agricultural commodities is increasing faster than the global volume of production, which is an indicator of growing international dependencies in the area of food supply. Although less obvious, it also implies growing international dependencies in the field of water supply. By importing food, countries also import water in virtual form. The aim of the paper is to assess the water footprints of Morocco, a semi-arid/arid country, and the Netherlands, a humid country. The water footprint of a country is defined as the volume of water used for the production of the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The internal water footprint is the volume of water used from domestic water resources; the external water footprint is the volume of water used in other countries to produce goods and services imported and consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The study shows that both Morocco and the Netherlands import more water in virtual form (in the form of water-intensive agricultural commodities) than they export, which makes them dependent on water resources elsewhere in the world. The water footprint calculations show that Morocco depends for 14% on water resources outside its own borders, while the Netherlands depend on foreign water resources for 95%. It is shown that international trade can result in global water saving when a water-intensive commodity is traded from an area where it is produced with high water productivity to an area with lower water productivity. If Morocco had to domestically produce the products that are now imported from the Netherlands, it would require 780 million m³/year. However, the imported products from the Netherlands were actually produced with only 140 million m³/year, which implies a global water saving of 640 million m³/year.     

二元制度压力下区域多元化企业分支机构的合法性反应

在文献研究的基础上,构建了一个区域多元化企业分支机构合法性反应的分析框架。区域间制度环境差异决定了制度二元冲突的大小,分支机构针对外部合法性与内部一致性冲突的大小,选择"表里不一"或者"表里如一"的合法性反应。     

社会资本视角下农民用水户满意度研究——基于陕西省宝鸡峡灌区农民用水户的调查

以社会资本为研究视角,对社会资本维度进行划分,并运用有序Logistic模型,基于陕西省宝鸡峡灌区农民用水户的调查,研究农民用水户对农民用水户协会的满意度及影响因素。研究结果表明,结构维度和认知维度社会资本是影响用水户对协会满意度的重要因素,家庭收入水平、农业收入占家庭收入比重、渠系完好率、协会专业化程度以及用水户参与积极性对用水户满意度有显著影响;关系维度社会资本、用水户性别、年龄、文化程度对用水户满意度没有显著影响。这表明农民用水户协会主要承担着灌溉管理和农业发展的职能,而其承担的社会功能相对较弱。     

基于村级尺度的农村水贫困评价——以常德澧县梅家港村为例

以WPI为基本框架,结合南方农村社区水资源系统的特点,从水资源状况、供水设施、利用能力、使用效率和环境状况五方面选择24个指标,建立一套南方农村社区水贫困评价指标体系.采用分级打分法量化数据,构建综合指数评价模型,并对湖南澧县梅家港村水贫困水平进行评价.结果表明:梅家港村的WPI指数值为46.567,呈现一定程度的水贫困现象.其水贫困主要表现在水资源使用效率低下、环境状况堪忧以及供水等水利基础设施相对落后等方面.该项研究说明,我国南方自然水资源条件优越的农村地区同样有可能存在不同程度的水贫困问题.     

基于WOD模式的区域发展路径探讨

在导向型发展模式研究基础上,探讨以水资源为导向的发展模式,提出了以水资源开发利用保护为导向的区域综合开发(water-oriented development, WOD)模式。解析了WOD模式的内涵和典型特征,开展了可行性分析,探析了WOD的实施路径,并提出了相关建议。在坚持“水资源最大刚性约束”和区域可持续发展理念的引导下,适时推广实践WOD模式,提出将水环境综合治理和水资源综合开发利用作为涉水地区绿色发展的主导因素与首要任务,是对水生态产品价值实现路径的有益探索,也为实现区域经济发展与自然环境和谐统一提供了新思路。     

论西南山地少数民族保护水资源习惯法

西南山地虽然降水量十分丰富,但由于这一地区独特的地形地貌和地质特性,使得地表水难以储存,再加上人为的滥用和破坏,从而令该地区面临严重的水资源危机。令人欣慰的是,在长期的生产、生活中,生活在这一地区的少数民族逐渐形成了一套丰富的保护水资源的习惯法,使得他们能有效合理地利用水资源,保护了脆弱的生态系统。这些习惯法包含对水资源的自然崇拜、保护水源、合理使用和管理水资源等内容。因此,在保护西南山地生态环境的过程中,应当充分总结继承少数民族保护水资源习惯法,发掘和吸收其所蕴涵的巨大价值和潜能,为国家相关环境立法的制定和实施提供借鉴。     

Transforming water infrastructure by linking water management and urban renewal in Rotterdam

Urban water systems have to deal with the impacts of climate change. In response, urban water managers in the city of Rotterdam developed a new water management strategy combining the renewal of water infrastructure with neighborhood revitalization projects. A key factor was the recognition that additional water retention in existing urban areas could only be realized if these projects were linked to urban renewal programs. Moreover, it was acknowledged that through new water retention infrastructure the quality of the social environment of deteriorated neighborhoods could be restored. The results from this historical analysis show that this turn in thinking initiated a successful water policy innovation in Rotterdam, in which the urban water policy is used to solve other urban problems as well by improving the quality of the public amenity. This paper presents key factors that contributed to this process and provides recommendations to further advance the transformation of urban water management infrastructure and the link with spatial planning.