滨海缺水城市海水淡化全成本分析——以华能威海电厂为例

随着滨海城市的快速发展,常规的地表水、地下水已远远不能满足社会经济的发展。以华能威海电厂为例,基于全成本理论,构建海水淡化全成本分析模型,分别从资源成本、工程成本、外部性成本展开核算,从有用性价值和稀缺性价值考虑资源成本,工程费用和前期投入费用计入工程成本,运用污染物当量法测算海水淡化对生态影响,计算得出威海市华能电厂海水淡化水全成本为7.166元/m3,其中资源成本为0.123元/m3,工程成本为6.597元/m3,外部性成本为0.446元/m3。对比目前自来水水价和外调水水价,淡化水不存在明显的价格优势。但因为其水量稳定、水质安全等特性,未来在城市供水系统中仍存在一定的应用潜力。最后为提升淡化水在纳入滨海缺水城市供水系统方面的竞争力,提出了相关政策建议。     

多级海水淡化装置闪蒸室设计研究

在大量CFD数值模拟计算的基础上，对多级海水淡化装置的闪蒸室设计中，涉及水流结构因素进行了深入的分析，并提出改进的方案。改进后的方案能形成上下层水流充分交换的环流，同时又减少了流动损失。     

The Role of Desalination in Meeting Water Supply Demands in Western Asia

Abstract

The increasing gap between the supply and demand for water in the Economic and Social Commission of Western Asia (ESCWA) member countries: Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen) can be attributed to the limited availability of surface water, mining of fossil groundwater sources, and water pollution mainly of shallow aquifers, deficient institutional structure, poor management processes, and inapt allocation of financial resources. The non-sustainable use of natural water resources to meet the escalating water demand has also contributed to the depletion and deterioration of water quality and quantity. To meet water supply shortages in the domestic sector, water desalination has been entrenched as a viable option for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), which includes the following countries: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. The objective of the paper is to investigate the role of water desalination in meeting the water demands in the ESCWA member countries. The significant role of desalination is highlighted with emphasis in evaluating not only its production trends, processes, and costs, but also its capacity in the provision of water demands. Water desalination has become a major and staunch water source for a number of large urban centers. For such countries such as Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar and the coastal zone areas of Oman, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Saudi Arabia, desalination represents one of the most feasible and strategic alternative options for their current and future domestic water supply requirement. Given the high consumption rate from this source and its high production cost, fundamental efforts must be integrated and invested in both research and development programs to implement comprehensive conservation measures that would lead to a reduction in the consumption rates. Parallel to these achievements, efforts should be directed within the context of integrated management of water resources, to identify alternative potential water resources, to meet future water challenges.     

我国海水资源利用及其发展前景

在阐述我国海水直接利用和海水淡化现状的基础上,对海水利用的经济效益进行了统计比较,分析了海水利用发展前景,提出了实施海水利用需采取的必要措施.     

我国海水淡化利用现状和有关政策建议

通过对我国海水淡化发展现状及水利部近年开展的工作的分析,认为还存在海水利用发展慢、扶持政策落实差、自主产业发展缓慢、管理体制不顺等问题,为此,提出了促进海水淡化发展的建议,如纳入水资源配置工程体系,作为水利公益工程进行扶持,搭建产学研平台,设立专项资金,开展试点示范工程建设等。     

我国海水淡化行业标准化现状分析

随着我国海水淡化产业的逐步形成,行业标准化工作的重要性日益突显。现行海水淡化标准44项,在编标准8项,待发布标准2项,各标准内容合理,关系协调,标龄分布相对适宜,但与海水淡化产业发展需求之间仍存在错位,在一定程度上制约了海水淡化产业的发展进程。因此需进一步完善海水淡化标准体系,为海水淡化产业的迅速崛起提供基础保障。     

海水淡化及海岛城市多水源综合利用的规划研究

作为海岛型城市的舟山,水资源供需矛盾突出。近年来,开展了一系列的增源措施,如大陆引水和雨水利用等,尤其是利用临海优势,发展海水淡化。介绍了舟山市的海水淡化利用情况、制定了舟山市水资源的优化配置方案,提出了水资源多渠道利用的建议。     

海岛海水资源利用模式

对以海水利用为显著特征的海岛多水源利用体系的发展模式进行研究。分析海岛可利用水源,提出将海水利用引入海岛水资源循环系统,实现海水在饮用水、冲厕、空调等方面的多途径利用,提高海岛供水能力,为海岛开发的可持续发展提供保障。     

Treated wastewater use in Saudi Arabia: challenges and initiatives

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia considers treated wastewater a major water source and aims to achieve 100% use of treated wastewater by 2025. This article reviews Saudi Arabia’s treated wastewater utilization status to date. It also highlights the key challenges facing the authorities, such as the substantial growth in demand for wastewater services; low coverage of the existing wastewater collection, treatment, and treated wastewater use systems; and the capital investment needed for infrastructure development. Finally, the article highlights the initiatives taken thus far to tackle these challenges and recommends further initiatives towards successful achievement of Saudi Arabia’s treated wastewater utilization objective.     

沧州渤海新区海冰资源开发利用的可行性分析

京津冀协同发展战略及河北省沿海地区发展规划的提出,促进了环渤海经济圈的发展,沧州渤海新区地处环渤海经济圈的核心地带,城市化进程不断加快,使得水资源需求变大,加重了水资源短缺的形势。本文通过分析、统计新区的气象、水量及规划数据,计算了沧州渤海新区的供需水量。结果表明:到2020年需水量约为4.03×10~8m~3/a,预期可供水约3.27×10~8m~3/a,水资源缺口近7600×10~8m~3/a。运用ENVI软件解译黄骅海域的遥感影像,预期新区可开采海冰量约为1.76×10~8m~3,供水约为8 800×10~8m~3/a。因此,沧州渤海新区的海冰储量可观、淡化成本低、水质好,淡化水可替代生态及部分工业用水,海冰资源的开发利用的前景广阔,可行性高。在新区内尝试开发利用海冰资源不仅可以减轻灾害损失,缓解水资源短缺问题,还为我国其他饱受海冰灾害影响的沿海地区提供参考和指导。