中国能源利用的经济效率、环境绩效与节能减排潜力

本文采用全要素方法,将环境污染(二氧化碳排放和二氧化硫排放)作为能源利用经济产出的环境成本纳入研究框架,运用2000～2007年中国省际面板数据,选取基于投入导向的CCR-DEA模型,测算了中国29个省份能源利用的经济效率并度量了其环境绩效,在此基础上计算得到中国各省份的节能减排潜力;分析了中国东、中、西部三大地区之间的效率差异并采用Tobit模型检验了中国节能减排能力的影响因素。得出的主要结论包括(1)当前中国能源利用的经济效率及其环境绩效整体水平都偏低,尚具有很大的提升空间;(2)中国各省份、三大地区的能效及其环境绩效发展都显著不平衡,节能减排潜力巨大;(3)经济发展水平对一个地区的节能减排能力有显著影响,而促进技术进步、优化经济结构和能源结构是当前提升中国节能减排能力的主要途径。     

土地供给市场化后的出让总收入及预测模型设计

国有土地出让招拍挂制度的实施开启了我国土地供给的市场化,更公平、透明地揭示了土地的市场价值,同时为地方政府带来了一定的城市发展建设资金。然而,现行财税制度却加剧了地方财政对土地出让收入的依赖,由此滋生的种种问题导致土地出让收入成为舆论焦点。本文采用格兰杰因果分析、脉冲检验、自回归滞后分布模型等方法,通过实证研究寻找宏观经济变量与土地出让总收入的相互影响及数量关系,并据此推导建立土地出让收入模型,预测土地出让收入的数量及变化趋势,为各界真正了解土地财政以及政府把握土地供给与经济发展之间的关系提供一个理论途径。     

Measuring heterogeneity in the returns to education using an education reform

In this paper, we explore the impact of a mandatory education reform as well as pre-reform availability of schools above the mandatory level, on educational attainment and returns to education in Norway. We contribute to the existing literature by focusing on the heterogeneity of the impact of reforms. Our results indicate that increased compulsory education from seven to nine years increased the general level of education beyond the compulsory education. We also find that the effect of family background on educational attainment was weaker after the reform. The average treatment effect on returns to education is surprisingly high for education of intermediate duration. This means that increasing the general level of education potentially generates high returns in the form of wages. We also find that the effect of treatment on the treated on the returns to education is 1-4 percentage points higher than the average treatment effect.     

基于土地生态位模型的王东沟流域农用地变化过程分析

以生态位理论为基础的土地利用数量生态位（宽度）及其扩充压缩度模型不仅能很好地测度土地生态系统各要素的变化态势、方向和速度,而且能清晰地反映系统整体的演替与发展规律。运用此模型,分析了王东沟流域1986～2007年农用地土地利用变化过程。结果表明：（1）农地利用类型之间生态位态势差减少,农地系统多样性增加,农地利用结构更加合理。（2）农地利用变化主要表现为耕地与园地之间以及林地与牧草地之间生态位的竞争,其中耕地向园地的持续流转是农地利用变化最明显的方面。（3）农地生态系统经过20年的动态演变,目前处于稳定阶段,但耕地与园地的矛盾使系统潜伏着危机。最后,结合这些变化,提出了今后流域土地经营和管理方面的建议。     

A new index of financial conditions

We use factor augmented vector autoregressive models with time-varying coefficients and stochastic volatility to construct a financial conditions index that can accurately track expectations about growth in key US macroeconomic variables. Time-variation in the models׳ parameters allows for the weights attached to each financial variable in the index to evolve over time. Furthermore, we develop methods for dynamic model averaging or selection which allow the financial variables entering into the financial conditions index to change over time. We discuss why such extensions of the existing literature are important and show them to be so in an empirical application involving a wide range of financial variables.     

核心-边缘理论在区域旅游规划中的运用

核心－边缘理论为区域旅游规划提供了建构区域旅游空间结构系统的认知模型。运用这种空间结构模型，在进行旅游资源的区域整合，景区土地利用功能配置与都会城市旅游圈层构造，以及促进区域旅游联动发展方面可取得满意的实践成果，核心与边缘地区应该是一种平等竞争，优势互补，合作互嬴的空间关系，发展核心，带动边缘，是区域旅游发展的重要战略兴措，发展中地区要注意培育旅游核心区，形成旅游创新活动基地，带动边缘区域发展，壮在整个区域的旅游竞争力。     

基于阶层线性模型的集聚经济实证分析

基于中国151个地级城市的制造业行业嵌套数据,运用阶层线性模型和集聚经济的间接估计方法,捕捉集聚经济行业维度不可观测的异质性,揭示集聚经济在行业与城市维度间的内在联系。实证结果表明:地方化经济在制造业中得到验证;行业层面的集聚经济不仅受行业自身特征的影响,而且深受行业所嵌套的城市经济社会环境的影响;城市异质性显著影响行业集聚经济。     

Ecological footprint of Gansu Province, China between 1997 and 2002： changes and inducement

The calculation of Ecological Footprint （EF） on the basis of Input-Output model （I-O model） was advanced by Bicknell, and modified and improved hy Ferng who corrected the footprint＇s aggregation to each sectors. For the lack of sufficient teehnique to deal with the trade between the research areas and the rest of the world, it it necessary to improve this method. And a dynamic analysis of the change of footprint based on I-O model, which could explore the factor impacting the footprint using the ,special advantage of I-O model, ought to be put into practice. After introducing the new method in detail, we calculate and compare the EF and the change of Gansu Province in the northwest of China in 1997 and 2002. The result shows that there was an increase of EF in 2002 caused by final domestic demand. Further; the inerement in EF export was 2.0 × 10^5 ha and 1.6 × 10^6 ha in import. The out-of- region support dropped from 22.6% to 18. 6%. We introduce three factors causing the EF change based on the character of I-O model： the productivity of the resourve which is explained by the change of resource used to obtain one unit output in a sector, the improvement of the economics and the final demand. Finally, we find that the effects of the three factors on the EF change are not identical except the industry sectors and the change of factors in the agriculture and the industry sectors works notably.     

开放条件下中国工业能源强度的影响因素分析——基于31个行业面板数据的实证分析

本文运用中国工业31个行业1998年-2004年的面板数据,分析了能源价格、FDI的进入程度、进出口商品结构、工业内部的行业结构和R＆D投资强度对中国工业能源强度的影响。研究发现,能源价格的上涨对提高工业能源利用效率有显著的促进作用;降低FDI的进入程度与R＆D投资强度都有助于降低工业特别是高能源强度行业的能源强度;降低高能源强度行业的出口额在工业出口总额中的比重,有利于降低高能源强度行业的能源强度,进口商品结构变化对工业能源强度没有显著影响;降低高能源强度行业的工业增加值在整个工业增加值中的比重,有助于降低全工业行业和低能源强度行业的能源强度。     

Combining stated and revealed choice research to simulate the neighbor effect: The case of hybrid-electric vehicles

According to intuition and theories of diffusion, consumer preferences develop along with technological change. However, most economic models designed for policy simulation unrealistically assume static preferences. To improve the behavioral realism of an energy–economy policy model, this study investigates the “neighbor effect,” where a new technology becomes more desirable as its adoption becomes more widespread in the market. We measure this effect as a change in aggregated willingness to pay under different levels of technology penetration. Focusing on hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs), an online survey experiment collected stated preference (SP) data from 535 Canadian and 408 Californian vehicle owners under different hypothetical market conditions.Revealed preference (RP) data was collected from the same respondents by eliciting the year, make and model of recent vehicle purchases from regions with different degrees of HEV popularity: Canada with 0.17% new market share, and California with 3.0% new market share. We compare choice models estimated from RP data only with three joint SP–RP estimation techniques, each assigning a different weight to the influence of SP and RP data in coefficient estimates. Statistically, models allowing more RP influence outperform SP influenced models. However, results suggest that because the RP data in this study is afflicted by multicollinearity, techniques that allow more SP influence in the beta estimates while maintaining RP data for calibrating vehicle class constraints produce more realistic estimates of willingness to pay. Furthermore, SP influenced coefficient estimates also translate to more realistic behavioral parameters for CIMS, allowing more sensitivity to policy simulations.