Do highly anthropized hydrological conditions in marshes influence fish communities according to their life-history strategies?

Alterations of natural hydrology in aquatic ecosystems are known to strongly impact the community composition of different taxa. Surprisingly, literature on the potential influence of hydrology on fish community composition is still very scarce in agricultural marshes, where canals represent one of the few remaining aquatic habitats. This study is aimed to address this research gap by monitoring fish communities in independent hydrological units differing in hydrology management over a 6 years period. We predicted variable fish responses to the hydrological context according to different life-history strategies (opportunistic, equilibrium, or periodic species). Periodic and opportunistic species were the most frequently observed. Despite differences in hydrology between canals (but little variation over years), we found that hydrology explained only a very low proportion of variation in the composition of fish communities. In particular, the flooding duration of meadows in early spring did not influence the composition of fish communities, not even the abundance of periodic species expected to rely on such temporary habitats. Instead, fish communities were more influenced by local habitat variables (aquatic vegetation cover, turbidity, tree roots, and refuges under the canal banks). The hydrological management of most hydrological units for agricultural purposes (i.e., severe flood abatement in spring and shallow water depth in canals in summer) was found to be incompatible with conservation goals to promote more diverse fish communities between hydrological units. Therefore, we call for further investigations in similar habitats covering a larger range of hydrological conditions.     

洛惠渠二支渠灌区末级渠系工程改造与管理

末级渠系改造是灌区节水改造的重要组成部分,加强改造工程管理是保障其发挥工程效益的关键。文中客观介绍洛惠渠灌区二支末级渠系工程现状和存在问题,探索其改造措施和加强管理途径,总结了工程改造效益。     

Flow structure and channel change in a sinuous grass‐lined stream within an agricultural drainage ditch: Implications for ditch stability and aquatic habitat

Many drainage ditches in the Midwest have developed a geomorphological configuration characterized by vegetated bars, or benches, on the bottom of the ditch and a stream flowing within a channel inset into these bars or benches. Past work has focused on the sedimentology of the benches and the depositional processes involved in bench development. This study investigates the three‐dimensional flow structure and short‐term channel change in a small grass‐lined stream flanked by benches at the bottom of an agricultural drainage ditch in east central Illinois, USA. In particular, it focuses on the influence of channel curvature and bank vegetation on flow through the inset channel at two different stages and explores how the structure of the flow is related to documented patterns of channel change. Results indicate that the mean flow is characterized by a submerged high‐velocity core that mainly is confined to the centre of the channel by near‐bank zones of flow stagnation/separation induced by abrupt changes in channel alignment and by strong frictional effects of grasses extending into the flow along the channel margins. Where the high‐velocity core is close to the channel margins, minor erosional adjustments of the inset channel can occur in the form of bank erosion. Patterns of turbulence kinetic energy reflect the development of shear layers near the channel margins and surrounding the submerged high‐velocity core. Locations with strong turbulence also correspond to locations of minor bank erosion. The results indicate that the inset channel is a relatively stable feature, especially where the alignment of this channel is straight, but that erosion‐control treatments may be necessary locally where the inset channel impinges on the ditch bank. Although the development of benches, a geomorphic response to ditch maintenance, is commonly viewed as a threat to drainage efficacy, preserving or constructing benches and associated inset channels in drainage ditches can enhance aquatic habitat and water quality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用HEC—RAS软件计算山洪沟水面线

本文以桦甸市某山洪沟为例,采用HEC—RAS软件,模拟分析了山洪沟在设计频率洪水下的水面线,为山洪沟治理工程的规模确定提供科学依据。计算结果表明,HEC—RAS软件在分析计算山区急流水面线时有较好的适用性,计算结果对工程有利,在山区河道及山洪沟治理工程中推荐使用该软件。     

平原漏斗区高效生态含水层补给技术研究

针对中国黄泛平原井灌地区地下水超采引起的大面积地下水漏斗问题,选择山东省临清市项目区,利用土壤水动力学、水力学和地下水动力学等相关理论,实施了地下水回灌工程对技术方案和参数进行设计,计算其回灌效果。通过计算结果可知,该回灌工程在7 d的引水过程中,增加了52 310.82 m~3的地下水补给量,占地下水补给总量的60.7%。野外回灌系统流速监测和示踪试验表明,该工程设计方案可行。在原沟渠渗入补给的基础上,该种明沟—暗管—竖井回灌补源工程增加了地下水补给量,对地下水漏斗恢复和旱涝碱综合治理具有重要作用。     

绵竹市清平乡塌洞沟泥石流发育特征及成因机制分析

清平乡塌洞沟受"5·12"地震影响,沟域内产生了大量松散物源,在暴雨等诱发条件下已爆发多次泥石流灾害。通过对该泥石流沟的详细调查,将沟域分为形成流通区及堆积区,并研究各区段冲淤特征及该泥石流的堆积特征,并对其成因机制进行分析。     

农沟底泥和水稻秸秆热解制备生物碳球及其氨氮吸附研究

将农沟底泥和按其与水稻秸秆质量比20∶1、10∶1、20∶3、5∶1掺混的4种样品均制成?5 mm小球,600℃缺氧热解4 h成生物碳球,分别标记为SS-0、SS-50、SS-100、SS-150、SS-200。通过元素分析、BET-N2、SEM、FTIR及Boehm滴定法等表征了生物碳球的组成与结构,利用序批实验研究了其对氨氮的吸附动力学和等温吸附模型,考察了水温对吸附的影响。结果表明,添加水稻秸秆有利于增加生物碳球通透性和亲水性,提高其传质性能。表面酸性含氧官能团分别为2.74 mmol·L~(-1)、2.88 mmol·L~(-1)、3.71 mmol·L~(-1)、3.36 mmol·L~(-1)和3.03 mmol·L~(-1)。动力学研究表明,SS-0吸附氨氮符合准一级动力学方程,而准二级动力学方程能较好地描述SS-50、SS-100、SS-150和SS-200的吸附过程,除了内扩散外,还存在其他过程共同控制吸附速率。等温吸附曲线均符合Langmuir方程,高温有利于吸附。生物碳球对氨氮具有较好的吸附能力,在农田排水的氨氮治理方面有广阔的应用前景。     

光缆与油气管线同沟敷设过程质量控制

从人员、设备、材料、施工方法和环境几个方面，对光缆与油气管线同沟敷设过程质量控制的实施进行了分析探讨，提出了具体实施方法。     

典型盐碱地改良区农田排水沟水体与底泥界面氧通量研究

农田排水沟水体与底泥中的氧含量决定了底泥中各种生源要素的最终归趋,对维持农田排水沟的水环境至关重要。本论文以陕西富平县卤泊滩盐碱地改良区农田排水沟水体与底泥为研究对象,从环境微界面角度出发,根据多年监测数据构建室内试验,采用高分辨率微环境固液剖面传感系统(丹麦Unisense微电极系统),探究了研究区农田排水沟水体与底泥界面氧通量变化规律。研究结果表明:底泥中的溶解氧随深度的增加逐渐减小,直至溶解氧浓度为零,到达厌氧层;溶解氧剖面浓度的实测值与Profile模型模拟值的相关系数均在0.995以上,表明该模型能客观地描述溶解氧在农田排水沟水体与底泥扩散边界层和底泥中的分布;农田排水沟上游不同监测点位的底泥含氧层厚度在3.5～6 mm之间,而下游监测点位的底泥含氧层厚度约为1.5 mm,差异显著;通过氧浓度线性分布、剖面拐点法得到氧气扩散边界厚度,上游监测点位的氧气扩散边界层厚度基本在1 mm,而下游监测点位的氧气扩散边界层厚度减少至0.2 mm。农田排水沟水体与底泥界面氧通量的测定,对于认识农田排水沟底泥的地球化学过程及水环境作用机理具有重要意义,可为农田排水沟水环境治理提供参考依据。     

氧化沟的曝气推流

该文主要介绍了氧化沟工艺中几种常见的曝气推流设备的结构、工作原理及特点,分析归纳了不同曝气推流方式的优缺点及曝气推流技术的研究进展,指出了今后的研究方向。