未来50年东北地区旱涝演变规律预估

基于东北地区89个气象站点观测数据及IPCC AR4中ECHAM5/MPI-OM模式降尺度的0.5°×0.5°分辨率的月平均降水格点场资料,结合统计学相关系数以及干旱评价指数Z指数,评估了气候模式对该地区降水变化的模拟能力,并对其未来50年东北地区旱涝时空演变规律进行了预估。结果表明:(1)东北区及其各省实测年降水与模拟值时空上拟合度较差,修正后的数据模拟能力有较大提高;(2)未来50年全区及东三省降水呈上升趋势,内蒙古东部地区则呈减少趋势,且具有2015~2034年降水持续减少,2035后干湿交替发生特征;(3)未来东北地区旱涝依然呈广发、频发态势,且洪涝更为突出,旱涝多发区主要集中在三江平原、松嫩平原以及辽河平原等地。     

湄公河流域洪旱灾害损失分析

受海洋气候及气候变化的影响,湄公河流域洪旱灾害频发。澜湄合作及中国-东盟合作机制是我国发展周边外交的重要内容。搜集整理近几十年来湄公河流域洪旱灾害事件资料,分析了流域洪旱灾害损失情况、成因及影响因素,结果表明:洪旱灾害是湄公河流域的主要灾害形式,流域4国洪水发生次数占总自然灾害次数的50%左右;洪旱灾害对流域各国的人口、交通、农业、经济等方面的影响均比较显著;气候变化是引起湄公河流域洪旱灾害的主要原因。     

Payments for environmental services to promote “climate‐smart agriculture”? Potential and challenges

Payments for environmental services (PES) have gained wide popularity as approaches to promote environmentally friendly land use or agricultural production practices. Yet academics have also voiced concerns against seeing PES as a panacea. This article discusses whether PES is an appropriate and promising approach to promote so‐called “climate‐smart agriculture” (CSA) practices, which we define as agricultural production practices that contribute to CO₂ emission reductions and/or removals and provide benefits to farmers via increased productivity and profits and reduced vulnerability to climate change. PES appears most promising for the promotion of CSA practices in small‐scale farming contexts with low incomes. Effective design, however, requires solid estimates of cost and benefit flows from CSA adoption over time, accounting for differences in socioeconomic and ecological conditions, and addressing the risk of leakage. Funding for such PES will likely have to come from public sources, and seems most promising where synergies with other objectives such as agricultural development, food security, and climate adaptation or other environmental services exist. The potential of alternative approaches for CSA support such as taxation with rebates for CSA practices, CSA‐related investment support such as microcredits, and hybrid approaches such as conditional microcredit should be further investigated.     

Can tourism be part of the decarbonized global economy? The costs and risks of alternate carbon reduction policy pathways

Global leaders agree on the need to substantially decarbonize the global economy by 2050. This paper compares potential costs associated with different policy pathways to achieve tourism sector emission reduction ambitions (?50% by 2035) and transform the sector to be part of the mid-century decarbonized economy (?70% by 2050). Investment in emissions abatement within the tourism sector, combined with strategic external carbon offsets, was found to be approximately 5% more cost effective over the period 2015–2050 than exclusive reliance on offsetting. The cost to achieve the ?50% target through abatement and strategic offsetting, while significant, represents less than 0.1% of the estimated global tourism economy in 2020 and 3.6% in 2050. Distributed equally among all tourists (international and domestic), the cost of a low-carbon tourism sector is estimated at US$11 per trip, equivalent to many current travel fees or taxes. Exclusive reliance on offsetting would expose the sector to extensive and continued carbon liability costs beyond mid-century and could be perceived as climate inaction, increasing reputational risks and the potential for less efficient regulatory interventions that could hinder sustainable tourism development. Effective tourism sector leadership is needed to develop a strategic tourism policy framework and emission measurement and reporting system.     

基于常见供水格局的水库群供水预警及响应策略研究

随着区域经济社会发展对用水量需求的增加,区域内逐渐形成多水库供水格局。本文针对一种常见的水库群供水格局开展供水预警研究,给出供水预警含义、预警指标及预警线形式、分级分期预警指标阈值确定方法和预警响应策略等。以缺水区域缺水量最小为目标,提出以水库蓄水量为控制指标的分级分期预警体系:即划定不同等级预警线,按照不同分期对预警线进行细化;基于长系列逆时序法供需计算确定预警指标;依据水库预警线确定水库群调水和供水规则,实现多水库联合调度。并以永康市三座中型水库组成的水库群为例,进行水库区供水预警及响应策略的实际应用。研究成果为水库调度决策部门提供了新的调度思路,为干旱期水库群供水运行管理提供依据。     

模糊综合法在区域干旱评价中的应用

以西安市为典型研究区域,选择连续无降水天数、降水量距平百分比、相对湿润度指数、标准化降水指数、作物缺水率为干旱指标,对研究区域进行单指标、多指标综合和区域综合干旱评价。评价结果表明:模糊综合法较好地解决了各单指标评价结果差异较大的问题;区域综合干旱评价结果与实际干旱状况基本吻合,模糊综合法在区域干旱评价中具有一定的可信度。     

我国西部大开发中的灾害与环境问题

中国西部地区是水旱灾害频发的地区 ,长期以来经济发展滞后 ,人口不断增长 ,给生态环境造成了极大的压力 .西北地区生态极其脆弱 ,西南地区又是我国生物多样性最丰富的区域 .在西部大开发过程中 ,保护和改善生态环境 ,减少水旱灾害损失十分迫切而重要 .文章在分析我国西部地区水旱灾害及生态基本特征的基础上 ,提出了西部大开发中必须遵循的保障可持续发展的原则 :加强国土综合整治 ,制止不合理的人类活动 ;调整产业结构 ,减少经济活动对生态环境的压力 ;对西北地区的人口及耗水量实行总量控制 ;对向西北地区的跨流域调水持慎重态度 ;西南的水电开发应优先于西北的石油开发 .     

一种湖泊分级分期旱限水位确定与动态控制方法

在抗旱领域,我国至今尚未建立起可用于抗旱应急管理工作的水位(流量)等干旱特征指标,水文报旱、旱情预警、抗旱会商、应急响应、水量调度等抗旱应急管理工作往往缺乏科学依据.在2011年水利部制定的《旱限水位(流量)确定办法》中,首次提出了旱限水位的概念,但没有具体针对湖泊制定旱限水位确定方法,且参照江河和水库旱限水位确定方法...     

鄱阳湖口生态水利工程方案探讨

维系良好的水生态环境,是环鄱阳湖地区经济发展的重要保障和支撑,也是实现人水和谐的前提条件。针对鄱阳湖水文特性和近期存在干旱等问题,并考虑到三峡工程建成运行后对鄱阳湖生态环境的潜在影响,藉此探讨了鄱阳湖控制工程建设的必要性及其原则,进而借鉴国内外经验,从生态环境保护角度,提出了一个仿都江堰式的生态水利工程设计概念方案。该方案能够遵循河流湖泊自然规律,在不影响防洪和江湖联通性的前提下,适度调控鄱阳湖与长江之间的水力联系,尽量保持湖区水位变化平缓、延缓汛后湖水外泄,以避免湖区出现不利于生态环境和社会经济发展的极端洪涝和干旱;而且该方案与环鄱阳湖生态经济区建设相协调,具有明显的生态效益和景观效应,能够促进该地区生态旅游文化发展。     

基于游程理论和Copula函数研究岷江流域干旱特征

为了合理评估区域干旱灾害风险,以岷江流域14个气象站1961-2012年逐月降水数据为研究对象,以阈值为变量设定3种游程截取水平识别干旱,然后利用经拟合优选的Copula函数构建干旱历时与干旱烈度的联合分布,并进行概率分析和重现期计算。结果表明:Gumbel Copula函数对整个流域的拟合效果最优;利用Gumbel Copula函数分析二维条件概率P(S≤60mm|D≥3月),3种截取水平的发生概率从流域东南到西北递增;联合重现期结果显示流域东北部和南部一带的旱情比中西部严重,而同现重现期结果则显示流域西部的旱情比东部严重;联合重现期比同现重现期的空间分布更稳定,任意一种截取水平下的联合重现期都比较接近。研究结果可为游程理论截取水平设定、Copula函数优选以及多变量干旱分析提供依据。