铁路工程突发事件预警体系探讨

安全是铁路运输生产的生命线和永恒的主题,是铁路各项工作的基石[1]。而铁路工程突发事件是影响铁路运输安全的重要因素之一,本文界定了铁路工程突发事件的概念,分析了铁路工程突发事件的特点,明确了铁路工程突发事件预警体系的目的与功能,探讨了铁路工程突发事件预警体系的构成,分析了铁路工程突发事件预警体系的运行程序。     

Socio‐demographic factors and shared leadership behaviors in dispersed teams: Implications for human resource management

Companies increasingly make use of geographically dispersed teams to capture knowledge residing at different locations. In this context, shared leadership is considered a key enabler of team performance. Taking a functional perspective on shared leadership, we thus investigate the relationship between shared leadership behaviors and team performance in dispersed teams. Furthermore, we analyze how socio‐demographic factors that are characteristic for dispersed teams (i.e., high female‐to‐male ratio, high mean age, and high levels of national diversity) affect shared leadership behaviors. Based on data from 96 dispersed teams, we show that shared leadership behavior fosters team performance. Further, we find the socio‐demographic characteristics typical for dispersed teams to foster shared leadership. Theoretical and managerial implications for human resource management are discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

20世纪初俄国军事经费的来源

军事经费的来源毫无疑问是任何一场战争都必须面对的一个基础性问题，寻找军事经费的来源是财政备战的最重要因素，没有相应的军事经费，战争就无从谈起。俄国在18世纪初成为世界强国之后，为了维持它的强国地位，坚持对外扩张的政策，连年战事不断。进入20世纪，俄国经历了日俄战争和第一次世界大战。然而对于财政经济状况不断恶化的俄国来说，面临战争经费短缺是很正常的，而筹措战争经费则属难事。俄国战争经费来源主要有税收、债务和发行纸币三个方面。     

The impact of cash transfers on household welfare in Namibia

Namibia has a long history of providing a universal and non-contributory old age pension, child grants using means testing and quasi-conditionalities, and other cash transfers. Multivariate analysis presented in this paper confirms that these transfers play an important role in alleviating poverty, especially for the very poor. The poverty-reducing effects of the child grants are likely to increase further as access is being rapidly expanded. However, the impact in terms of reducing Namibia's extremely high inequality is limited. The targeting of the cash transfers towards the poorest groups takes place through two main channels. For the child grant, targeting occurs as a result of the orphan status eligibility criteria, as orphans are over-represented in lower-income households. For the universal social pension, it appears that some of the relatively less poor do not receive it even if they are eligible. Means testing of child grants appears ineffective, even without considering administrative costs.     

Capital Structure,Corporate Taxation and Firm Age*

This paper analyses the relationship between corporate taxation, firm age and debt. We adapt a standard model of capital structure choice under corporate taxation, focusing on the financing and investment decisions typically faced by a firm. Our model suggests that the debt ratio is associated positively with the corporate tax rate and negatively with firm age. Further, we predict that the tax-induced advantage of debt is more important for older firms than for younger ones. To test these hypotheses empirically, we use a cross-section of around 405,000 firms from 35 European countries and 127 NACE three-digit industries. In line with previous research, we find that a firm's debt ratio increases with the corporate tax rate. Further, we observe that older firms exhibit smaller debt ratios than their younger counterparts. Finally, consistent with our theoretical model, we find a positive interaction between corporate taxation and firm age, indicating that the impact of corporate taxation on debt increases over a firm's lifetime.     

沥青混凝土桥面铺装早期病害原因分析

针对沥青混凝土桥面铺装的早期病害及其原因进行了分析与研究,提出了用有限元分析需要注意的一些问题,指出了今后主要的研究方向。     

美国人何以养老——美国养老保险体系与可持续研究

美国的养老保险体系是由国家通过税收筹资的基本养老基金、企业建立的以401(k)计划和个人退休帐户(IRAs)为主的职业养老金计划以及相当完善的商业养老保险共同构成的三支柱式养老保险体系。通过具体分析美国国家基本养老和企业职业养老基金的构成、收入来源、支出水平以及可持续能力,说明美国养老保险体系是一个制度完善、可持续能力较强的养老保险范例,值得我国借鉴。     

中国退休年龄面临的挑战与选择

中国退休年龄总体偏低,需要逐步提高退休年龄。欧洲一些国家提高退休年龄引发动荡,警醒中国应尽快将提高退休年龄纳入议程,并稳步推进改革。建议用较长的时间逐步将男职工退休年龄提高到63岁,将女职工退休年龄提高到60岁。并通过采取实行弹性退休和抑制提前退休等措施,为逐步提高退休年龄打下基础。     

Core decisional values and deciders demographic variables in Romanian organizauons

The present study attempts to build an exploratory model of leadership analysis, based on which the organizational leaders and managers can answer three critical questions for leadership practice： （1） Which are the core decisional values the top management should take into account when adopting critical decisions？ （2） Which latent attitudes （constructs or factors） might generate these values in CEOs＇ and followers＇ behavior？ （3） Do the latent attitudes differ with the respondents＇ gender, age and educational background？ The research belongs to the field of value based leadership theories. The data is collected from a sample of 94 CEOs and 599 direct followers from three complex fields of activity： mining and forestry, manufacturing and construction, respectively, services. The main outcomes are： （1） The most important decisional values should be （in order）： customer satisfaction, firm＇s profitability, product/service quality, sales volume growth and cost control; （2） These values are generated by the following latent attitudes （of CEOs and followers）： social responsibility for community and environment; ethical responsibility for minorities and women; market performance responsibility and, respectively, responsibility for employees and customers; （3） Market performance responsibility significantly differs according to respondents gender; social responsibility for community and environment significantly differs with respondents age, while both types of responsibility significantly differ according to respondents educational background. It seems that ethical responsibility for minorities and women and, respectively, responsibility for employees and customers are not influenced by respondents＇ demographic variables.     

On the finite sample behavior of testing whether new is better than used of a specified age

Hollander, Park and Proschan (1986) proposed a test of new is better than used of a specified age. It is based on large sample normality of the test statistic. There is, however, no study in the literature on its actual size for small and moderate sample sizes. To shed some lights on this, the results of a Monte Carlo simulation study as well as two real data examples are reported and these indicate that the test can have a quite liberal size, especially for small to moderate sample sizes. In order to improve on this weakness, a modified test is proposed and studied. It is noticed that this modified test seems to over-correct the original test to an extent that it becomes unduly conservative sometimes. Hence we propose another modification that combines the original test and the modified test turns out to have its size quite close to the nominal level and is therefore preferable to both the original and modified tests.