Notions of justice in payments for ecosystem services: Insights from China's Sloping Land Conversion Program in Yunnan Province

China's Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) pays millions of farmers to convert cropland in upper watersheds to tree plantations. It is considered one of the world's largest payments for ecosystem services (PES) scheme for its reliance on financial incentives. This paper examines the outcomes of the SLCP by way of a case study from the Yangliu watershed in Yunnan province. It focuses on the notions of justice embedded in state policy and held by villagers and local state officials in order to understand the observed outcomes in terms of people's participation in the implementation of the SLCP, land use changes and livelihood effects. Villagers, local state officials, and state policy share a primary concern about distributive justice despite significant differences in their specific notions. The shared concern underlies the villagers’ positive reactions to the SLCP, which among other factors, have led to the intended expansion of tree plantations and a livelihood transition in Yangliu since 2003. The insights from Yangliu suggest the need to consider justice for a fuller understanding of the dynamics and outcomes of the SLCP and other PES schemes worldwide as the notions of justice applied by the involved actors may influence land use and livelihood dynamics in addition to the other factors considered in research this far.     

吉林省1996—2005年土地生态系统服务功能价值变化分析

依据吉林省1996-2005年土地利用变更调查数据和行政区划图,参照我国陆地生态系统单位面积服务功能价值表,采用Costanza和谢高地等的方法模型估算了各种生态系统服务功能价值,并分析了其空间分布特征。结果表明:研究期间土地生态系统服务功能价值增长56842.58万元,其增长来自林地和水体生态服务价值的增加,其中林地贡献较大;而耕地、牧草地和湿地生态系统服务功能价值的下降则是土地生态系统服务功能价值降低的主要原因在空问分布上,长春市各县(市、区)均为负增长,其余各市(州)分布离散,无明显地域集聚特征;土地生态系统服务功能价值变化与社会经济发展水平呈现一定的相关性,主要表现为全省7个地级市区均呈负增长。     

Payment for ecosystem services through renewable energy generation to promote community-based natural resource management in the Blyde in South Africa

Loss of biodiversity is putting the South African economy and the quality of life of its citizens at risk. Payment for ecosystem services (PES) is a way to incentivise conservation, community-based natural resource management and restoration of the environment. This article discusses a proposed PES project through the generation of hydro-electricity in the Blyde River Canyon Nature reserve. It argues that this proposed project could serve as an example for other PES projects and that it would strengthen community-based natural resource management, be beneficial to environmental conservation, counteract climate change, and provide socio-economic benefits to surrounding communities.     

再论旅游业发展的生态文明战略

实施生态文明战略是旅游业可持续发展的唯一途径。旅游业实施生态文明战略有其必要性，具体应从利益取向、社会责任、发展模式、绿色采购、清洁生产、公众素质六个方面制订旅游业实施生态文明战略的措施。     

河北省土地生态系统服务价值研究及趋势预测

编制适用于河北省的土地生态系统服务价值系数表,利用土地基础数据和生态系统服务价值量化模型,计算出河北省土地生态系统服务价值在1996～2006年呈现先减少后增加的变化趋势;并运用spss统计软件中的曲线回归对变化趋势做出了合理预测。     

论生态经济系统优化与建构

生态经济系统优化不仅是现代市场经济发展的客观需要，而且是我国步入经济国际化的客观要求，它对于我国用新经济代替传统经济，融入经济全球化是一个巨大的推动。要加快生态经济系统优化，就必须在对生态经济系统优化的含义、原则、特征以及与传统生态经济系统区别的科学认识和把握下，对生态经济系统进行新的建构。     

河流生态功能综合评价的层次决策分析方法

介绍了基于层次决策分析的河流生态功能综合评价方法,提出了在河流水文评估、物理化学评估、生物栖息地质量评估和生物评估4个单项评估的基础上,构建以河流生态功能综合指数为目标、4个单项因子为准则、5个等级标度为决策标准的层次递阶模型,应用模型进行了河流综合评价的两种情景分析。     

海水入侵对大连市牧城驿地区农田土壤生态的影响

通过对大连市牧城驿地区的共10口水井采集水样,主要分析了该地区水井中氯离子的含量,说明该地区已经发生了海水入侵现象,用受到海水入侵影响的地下水灌溉农田,对农田土壤造成了影响,引起了土壤的盐渍化。     

基于格网尺度的南昌市土地利用变化及生态系统服务价值时空相关性分析

研究目的：基于格网尺度,探究南昌市土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响及其空间格局的动态演化,为生态文明背景下的国土空间治理提供依据。研究方法：多样性指数、生态价值评估模型、空间自相关方法。研究结果：（1）近10年南昌市建设用地增加最多,耕地数量减少最大;建设用地呈“一江两岸双中心分布”;耕地主要集中在南昌市北部鄱阳湖平原以及境内河湖平原上;各种地类在快速城市化时期演变较为复杂。（2）在1km×1km格网尺度下, ESV总值先增加后减少,整体从353.91亿元降至351.79亿元,表明南昌市生态环境进一步优化潜力巨大;其中水资源供给占南昌市生态系统服务价值的28.26%。（3）在空间上,各地类ESV表现为正相关性和聚集分布,ESV较低值区范围最广;总体表现为高高、低低集聚,局部呈现高低、低高集聚,自然资源禀赋与人类活动是其主要驱动因素。研究结论：在国土空间规划管控中应当强调生态溢出价值的“集中连片式”保护模式,“组团式”生态治理模式,“廊道式”集约化开发利用模式。