规制合谋防范理论述评

规制合谋是制约规制有效性的重要原因。新规制经济学对规制合谋的治理思路：在激励契约设计上,强调以联盟激励约束来阻止代理人合谋;在组织形式变革上,以授权规制使监督人转变为剩余索取者,从而降低合谋效率;在规制机构设置上,通过多个规制机构之间的分权制衡以改善规制信息结构,增加合谋的交易成本;在动态规制中,强调规制者的承诺能力,避免重新谈判。     

文化意象的等效翻译

文化意象作为一种文化符号,由于蕴涵了深厚的民族文化底蕴,具有相对固定和独特的文化含义,一直是翻译实践中的一个难题。将奈达的等效理论运用于文化意象的翻译,采用直译法、意译法、直译加注法等多种翻译模式,有助于译者在翻译过程中顺利传递出源语文化意象所蕴涵的丰富而独特的文化信息,减少文化意象的失落、歪曲与错位。     

Perspectives from the Happiness Literature and the Role of New Instruments for Policy Analysis

After having been ignored for a long time by economists, happinessis becoming an object of serious research in 21st century economics.In Section 2 we sketch the present status of happiness economics.In Section 3 we consider the practical applicability of happinesseconomics, retaining the assumption of ordinal individual utilities.In Section 4 we introduce a cardinal utility concept, whichseems to us the natural consequence of the happiness economicsmethodology. In Section 5 we sketch how this approach can leadto a normative approach to policy problems that is admissiblefrom a positivist point of view. Section 6 concludes. (JEL codes:B21, B41, D63, I31, I38)     

Measuring Consumers’ Ethical Position in Austria,Britain, Brunei,Hong Kong,and USA

Previous studies have found Forsyth’s Ethical Position Questionnaire (EPQ) to vary between countries, but none has made a systematic evaluation of its psychometric properties across consumers from many countries. Using confirmatory factor analysis and multi-group LISREL analysis, this paper explores the factor structure of the EPQ and the measurement equivalence in five societies: Austria, Britain, Brunei, Hong Kong and USA. The results suggest that the modified scale, measuring idealism and relativism, was applicable in all five societies. Equivalence was found across Britain, Brunei and USA, but the original scale cannot be used validly.     

互联电力系统分层分解时空协调建模

随着中国互联大电网的形成,电网结构和运行方式日益复杂。目前中国电网的建模方式是调度系统只对其调度管辖范围内的电网精确建模,外网部分则采用非精确建模或简单等值处理。这种传统的建模方式不能满足互联大电网的发展要求。基于IEC 61970标准和E格式规范,研究建立互联电力系统分层分解时空协调建模系统。该系统融合图数模一体化的时空协调版本管理、模型合并/拆分、外网等值等多项技术,实现各调度系统的时空协调建模,能为调度系统的横向协同、纵向贯通提供技术手段,能为提高互联大电网的在线监控、动态和静态安全稳定分析水平提供信息基础和技术支撑。     

农用地分等与定级成果耕地占补平衡中应用研究在——以河南省南阳市为例

运用农用地分等与定级成果来考核耕地占补平衡,可以实现耕地数量与质量并重的双赢效果。在用分等成果探讨了耕地占补平衡中等级折算的标准样地法后以南阳市为例,从农用地等指数、定级指数、作物产量等方面入手,用产量指数法分析论证了耕地占补平衡的耕地级别占补当量系数,并在此基础上运用替代原理,构建了耕地占补当量影响因素修正体系及修正系数表,给出具体应用方法,为耕地的占用与补充之间换算关系提供参考,在转化应用农用地分等定级成果上做了一些有益探索。     

Bayesian Model Selection of Gaussian Directed Acyclic Graph Structures

During the last years, graphical models have become a popular tool to represent dependencies among variables in many scientific areas. Typically, the objective is to discover dependence relationships that can be represented through a directed acyclic graph (DAG). The set of all conditional independencies encoded by a DAG determines its Markov property. In general, DAGs encoding the same conditional independencies are not distinguishable from observational data and can be collected into equivalence classes, each one represented by a chain graph called essential graph (EG). However, both the DAG and EG space grow super exponentially in the number of variables, and so, graph structural learning requires the adoption of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques. In this paper, we review some recent results on Bayesian model selection of Gaussian DAG models under a unified framework. These results are based on closed-form expressions for the marginal likelihood of a DAG and EG structure, which is obtained from a few suitable assumptions on the prior for model parameters. We then introduce a general MCMC scheme that can be adopted both for model selection of DAGs and EGs together with a couple of applications on real data sets.     

Reference Income Effects in the Determination of Equivalence Scales Using Income Satisfaction Data

We estimate household equivalence scales, i.e. the needs of additional adults and children relative to a single adult, using income satisfaction data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel. We extend previous studies applying this approach by taking reference income into account. This allows separating needs‐based from reference effects in the determination of income satisfaction. We show that this adjustment helps to overcome a bias causing an overestimation of adults’ and an underestimation of children’s needs‐based equivalence weights. Our results indicate that controlling for income comparisons substantially increases children’s equivalence weight relative to that of adults.     

促进有机农业标准一致化和等效性的区域合作策略

在经济全球化和区域一体化的趋势下,有机产品贸易的全球化和区域化发展会促进有机农业法规和标准一致化和等效性的进程。文章分析了我国与亚太地区在有机领域开展区域合作的必要性和可行性,提出在国家、有机认证机构和有机企业3个层面上进行区域合作的策略：政府应该与亚太地区的国家和有机进口国进行谈判并签订等效性协议,成立有机区域合作执行委员会并加强技术和信息方面的合作;有机认证机构与他国认证机构组成认证联盟,进行互访和监督;有机企业要加强自身的诚信建设,与国外企业合作,打造中国的有机产品品牌。有机领域的区域合作会促进亚太地区有机产业的发展,加快有机标准的一致化和等效性的进程,从而促进有机产品国际贸易的健康发展。     

On Income Transfers and Equivalence Scales

This article focusses on the relations between equivalence scales and income transfers linked to household characteristics, also called demogrants. Since transfer payments have to be financed, the relation is analyzed in the framework of an optimal tax model. The – in a second-best sense – optimal demogrants and optimal marginal tax rate are characterised by their first-order conditions. Some general properties of the demogrant structure are derived and discussed. Finally, an adopted version of Stern's model for the numerical calculation of optimal taxes is used to obtain more explicit indications about how different factors affect the structure of demogrants and the marginal tax rate.